Epidemic of Violence in the USA Essay - 1441 Words

Violence, one of the biggest problem in the world right now, especially in America, where the gun control law are barely enforced, every citizen is at constant risk, considering the amount of people in this country that own guns. Crime and violence are rapidly becoming the prime epidemic in the U.S today, but what can we do to ensure our future generation’s safety? Gun violence is a big problem everywhere, in poor rural neighborhoods to prosperous urban cities like Malibu, it can happen anywhere at any time. The most deadly cases happen in suburban areas where no one would suspect any thing would happen, these areas are the prime target for mass shootings. Some of the most known tragic events include the Columbine massacre†¦show more content†¦It angered a lot of people but unless the congress sees it the way the citizens sees it, this is a problem that is not easy to solve. Fifteen of the twenty-five worst mass shootings in the last decade worldwide occurred in the U nited States of America. This is really telling people something about our country, it says people with guns are crazy and dangerous and America has a lot of it. Even though more guns don’t necessarily mean more murders, the amount of unregistered guns out in the public is a real issue that cannot be ignored. About sixty percent of people in the U.S own guns, the estimated number of guns legally owned by civilians is 270,000,000 to 310,000,000 (FBI), and that’s not counting all the illegally owned firearms. When asked why they need guns, most Americans say that its part of their rights and amendments, to protect themselves and their family. If most people with guns just want to protect themselves, why do so many people die every year from gun violence? The answer is all the illegal firearms that land in the hands of criminals and psychopaths. Because of the almost non-existing rules and regulations, it is very easy for someone to illegally acquire a gun. These people g et guns either from a corrupt dealer, private gun sales or a method these criminals call-‘straw purchasing’, the most common way a criminal obtain firearms. This is when someoneShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gun Control Laws On The United States921 Words   |  4 Pagesimmensely important that the USA takes a stand and applies stronger gun control laws to ensure the well being of not only their citizens but those visiting as well. In the last several years in the United States there have been multiple incidents of mass shootings. Incidents such as the Aurora batman movie theatre shooting and the columbine shooting have been quite devastating. Including mass shootings, a total of 10 thousand deaths occurred from guns last year in the USA compared to just 52 in CanadaRead MoreGun Violence And Gun Control1043 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past decade or so, Americans had experienced epidemic level of gun violence taking place in every corner of country. Actually owning gun is legal in the USA, it’s actually our second amendment; the right to bare firearms. Approximately 300 million Americans held gun in their homes. Gun violence has centered in our community as major issue. Gun violence and gun ownership have been in the news lately due to numerous shooting taking place at Movie theatre, Offices, , colleges and even elementaryRead MoreRice Was Released By The Ravens And Indefinitely Suspended1104 Words   |  5 Pagescrimes. I’d like to start by saying I absolutely do not condone violence in any form. I’ll start by stating the facts on domestic violence, so we can address the situation as a whole. According to safehorizon.org: -One in four women will experience domestic violence during her lifetime. -Three million men also experience physical assaults in the USA. -60 percent of domestic violence occurrences happen at home. -Domestic violence is the third leading cause of homelessness among families. -OneRead MoreViolence in Cartoons Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesViolence in Cartoons In my opinion, there is an extreme amount of violence portrayed in cartoons. As a result, cartoons have been transformed into a fast expanding epidemic that is damaging to the audience of cartoon viewers throughout the country, and possibly around the world. Not only are cartoons physically violent, they are emotionally, mentally, socially, legally, and culturally attacking at human society of the past, present and future. During my extensive research, things that wereRead MoreDomestic Violence Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pages Domestic Violence Domestic violence affects all facets of our American society. Domestic violence is the most prevalent form of gender-based violence in the USA. It knows no economic status, race, religion, age, or gender. At its essence is a basic violation of human rights and the core beliefs we hold so dear here in America. Many people will hear a story of a woman who has survived domestic violence and ask the question of â€Å" why didnt they just leave?† or say â€Å" they could have left ifRead MoreGun Laws And The United States Of America1121 Words   |  5 Pagesresolve the issue and that he would not stop until he set up better gun laws. This essay will argue why it is important to establish better gun laws in USA. It is clear that more guns leads to more deaths. A research conducted by Harvard Injury Control Research Center shows that where there are more guns, there is a high risk of homicide across states in USA (assault, robbery, quarrel†¦). Moreover, the mortality rate related to firearm accident in 4 states with the most guns are 4 times higher than 4 statesRead Moregun violence Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pages Gun Violence Over the last years gun control has become a very widely debated topic. The city, county and state lawmakers seem to be having different stands about the public having easy access to guns. Adam Small states, â€Å"After centuries of relative obscurity, the Second Amendment has become the center of an intense academic and legal battle during the last twenty years† (1213). The supporters of gun control and its opponents both claim to have the best interest of this country’s citizensRead MoreThe Problems Of Nigeria Police Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagescameras that showed all angles, would you believe all these shootings would had happened if the officers worn a camera? It would have been a huge boost to public safety and also to the Officers safety. To fix this type of negative policing, USA needs to call for epidemic law revisions and spend trillions of dollars to reform policing in order to make police service providers and crime deters by patrolling many of the area s where crime is prone to happen. Some parts in the country have already started thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article America s Mass Shootings Epidemic 1149 Words   |  5 Pagesbear arms or not? Mark Follman, a writer for the LA times, wrote an article â€Å"America s mass-shootings epidemic† that talks about how mass murders have been escalating over the past decades. This article is geared towards readers between the ages of twenty to fifty because of the use of statistics that appeals to this age group who are mainly set out to redeem fact. Heidi Yewman, a writer for USA Today, wrote an article â€Å"Don t like Facebook s gun solution: Column† about how Facebook does notRead More Harry Potter: Good or Evil? Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough citizens of the United States are given the right to Freedom of Press under the First Amendment, this does not allow schools to incorporate every piece of literature within the curriculum. Schools are torn because as Linda Harvey states in â€Å"USA Today†, â€Å"No school includes everything. Few public schools would accept books advocating drunken driving, bulimia or rape. And it’s rare to find novels in school libraries about teens who proclaim salvation through Jesus Christ† (Harvey). Reading

The Foundation Of Our United Nation - 948 Words

The foundation of our united nation was based on democracy. The idea of democracy didn’t come as easy as our founding founders would have liked. But with the help of a variety of scholars during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century the practices of the Catholic Church began to be question . During the 16th century England was ruled through Monarchy. However, the Monarchy still didn’t sustain the equal amount of power as the Catholic Church. In fact, the Catholic Church was more of a ruler than a spiritual guider during this time . For the reason a lot of people during this time looked for approval from the church. The people in England at that time desired to be assure they would be going to Heaven instead of Hell. This caused for the Catholic Church to gain a great immense of power . For many of the church followers did anything the church requested from them. For example, during this time the people were demanded to pay tithes to the church, which was one tenth of their income . For at that time this was one of the things that decided if one went to heaven or hell. For in the Old Testament, Genesis 14:20 it states †After winning an astounding victory in battle and retrieving his nephew Lot along with all his lost possessions, Abram thanked God by giving Melchizedek one-tenth of all he had† . This caused for the people to believe it was required to pay the tithe unless they wanted to be condemned in the afterlife. Meanwhile, the church also had the power toShow MoreRelatedPrayer in the Public Schools1111 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in the Public Schools Diana Brown Everest Online Composition 1-226 ABSTRACT This essay is composed of facts supporting that prayer in Public Schools would be beneficial for the children and the United States of America. Prayer is an address to God or a god in word or thoughts. The Anti- Defamation League states that, â€Å"A moment of silence will inevitably be unconstitutional or the purpose and effect of such moments of silence are invariably to advance religion. The U.S. Supreme CourtRead MoreFdr and His Influence on America1608 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of our nation. A few examples include George Washington who led our country through the revolutionary war and our nation’s first president. There was also Abraham Lincoln who led us through the Civil War. However our most influential president is Franklin D. Roosevelt. During Franklin Roosevelt’s years in the oval office he would lead our country through one of the toughest times during the 20th century enduring the great depression and World War II. His influence on the United Stat es andRead MoreWhy The Founding Fathers Created The Electoral College933 Words   |  4 Pagesseem that the founding fathers were a lot smarter than we give them credit for in 1792. This was the year the College, as we call it today the Electoral College, ratified in the Constitution of the United States of America by the colonies. This would also start the longest continuous debate our nation has ever experienced over a single political issue that continues even today. This debate came center stage during the election of 1800 when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Jefferson’s Vice PresidentRead MoreU.s. Armys Collective Team Efforts1291 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"This We’ll Defend† (U.S. Army Moto) are the words that encapsulate the ideals of the United States Army. Each word is meaningful. This refers to the United States, the U. S. Constitution and liberty. We ll references the army s collective team efforts, and defend refers to the primary function of the army as a defender of the nation, not an aggressor against others. () It was first used by the War Office of the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War in 1778, and it hasRead MoreAmerica s Christian History : The Testament Of America1168 Words   |  5 PagesThrough American history, we are told over and over that America was based upon a foundation of God fearing men, but without the knowledge that we are who we are because of God himself, we would be nothing. In the book, America s Christian History: The Untold Story, it speaks upon the moral foundations of the government that were established by the Pilgrims/Puritans and the Founding Fathers of America. Kirk Fordice was the former governor of Mississippi. He made the bold statement by which manyRead MoreThe First Longest Continuous Debate Our Nation932 Words   |  4 Pagesseems that the founding fathers were a lot smarter than we give them credit for in 1792. This was the year the College, as we call it today the Electoral College, ratified in the Constitution of the United States of America by the colonies. This would also start the longest continuous debate our nation has ever experienced over a single political issue that continues even today. This debate came center stage during the election of 1800 when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Jefferson’s Vice PresidentRead MoreAtomic And Nuclear Bomb : Atomic Bomb980 Words   |  4 Pages Atomic/Nuclear bomb The atomic bomb ended WWII when the United States dropped Fat Man and Little Boy on the japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This is what started the arms race known as the Cold War between the United States and Russia, the two major world superpowers left after WWII. The effects of the massive arms race between the two countries still to this day affect every citizen in the world due to the fact so many weapons of mass destruction were made some were even lost. AlongRead MoreEssay about English Must be the Official Language in America994 Words   |  4 Pagesland. The United States of America has instituted many rights to its citizens, which were issued in the bill of rights they are the first ten amendments. The first amendment mentions the free exercise clause, freedom of speech and of press, and by interpreting it says that congress cannot make any laws constricting to a established religion or prohibiting the free exercise. Because of the interpretation of the first amendment immigrants believe that they may come to the United States and maintainRead MoreEthnography of the American Flag Essay720 Words   |  3 Pagesstars that they place on a pole over their heads. They honor their flag in almost every aspect of their lives. They are placed at national shrines, cathedrals, outside homes and inside of every classroom. Every the morning in schools all across the nation children are required to pray to the flag and pledge their loyalty. In it is raised every morning outside the school and then taken down at the end of the day. A smaller ve rsion also hangs in most classrooms for the children to gaze at with prideRead MoreThe Roots Of American Exceptionalism1055 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolution of communism with the exception of the United States. In response, soviet leader Joseph Stalin expresses that he wants to end this â€Å"heresy of American exceptionalism.† Since then, Stalin has been recognized for coining the phrase. Stalin and Tocqueville’s definition of American exceptionalism was not meant as a compliment as Americans make it out to be. It is ironic to know that a communist branded American exceptionalism and the United States turned it into a form of endearment. President

Descriptive homelessness Essay Example For Students

Descriptive homelessness Essay Otis sat at his tattered corner booth, the pale pink and teal upholstery ripped and worn by all those who had rested there before him. His charcoal-grey hair was oily and unkept as if he hadnt known the pleasure of a shower or a comb since his early days in the war. His once green army jacket, faded to a light grey, covered the untucked, torn, and sweat-stained Goodwill T-shirt under it. He wore an old pair of denim blue jeans that were shredded in the knees and rested three inches above his boney ankles; exposing the charity he depended upon. His eyes, filled with loneliness and despair as if he had realized a lack of purpose in his life, were set in bags of black and purple rings two layers deep. His long, slender nose was set above a full crooked mouth with little lines at the corners giving his face the character of someone who used to smile often, but the firm set of his square jaw revealed a portrait of a man who knew only failure. I glanced around the dimly lit dining room of our neighborhood Jack-In-The-Box at the collection of adolescent girls and boys gossiping about their absent friends, urban families enjoying their weekly treat of chicken fingers with exotic dipping sauces, and a teenage employee attempting to grasp a carpet sweeper with her fry-greased hands. As each of their gazes wandered the room curiously observing the quaint surroundings, their eyes conveniently skipped over the socially unacceptable figure in the corner, but I saw him clearly. With both hands resting lightly on the table to each side of his white foam cup, Otis stared into its deep abyss of emptiness with his head bowed as if willing it to fill again, giving him a reason to enjoy the shelter that the indoors provided. I could almost touch the conflict going on inside of him, a battle of wills as if he was negotiating with an imaginary devil on one shoulder and an angel on the other. I sensed a cramp of discomfort seizing his insides, compelling him to flee, then a silent resolve, as if a moment of clarity had graced his consciousness. After my husband consumed the last bite of his fully stacked grilled chicken breast sandwich and deep-fried onion rings, he regained my attention when he continued to vocally reflect upon the horror of his day at work; how it seemed that each person in his already stressful world wanted something from him, but he was physically, emotionally, and financially taxed beyond limits. As if Otis had courteously waited for us to complete our meal, he slowly rose from his comfort zone in the corner and limped over to our small table by the door. Escuse me sir, maam. Do ya haf thirty fife cens sos I can git me a cup o coffee? Otis quietly asked with his head bowed, refusing to make eye contact. No, I dont have any more money, my husband replied in a curt tone of voice. I was dumbfounded; my tongue paralyzed and uncomfortably muted. Immediately I saw shame on both of their faces. In the deep pools of my usually kind and giving husbands eyes I saw a gut-wrenching anguish that expressed the breaking of his heart for Otis, but his pride could not rescind the hurtful tone he had used. Then he closed his lids and shook his head as if communicating displeasure with himself. Otiss expression contorted from painful remorse, as if he had injured himself when he twisted his own arm to approach us, to blushing embarrassment; wishing for the autonomy he had possessed just five minutes earlier. Im a-sorry to haf bothered ya sir, maam. Yoos haf a good night now, Otis mumbled. .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 , .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .postImageUrl , .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 , .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:hover , .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:visited , .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:active { border:0!important; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:active , .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236 .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1fa128a5db2c094279783fa3b35b8236:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: HEALTH SERVICES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Essay As he continued to stare at the crumbs on the traffic-worn carpet, he ran out of the restaurant door, his limp hindering his urgency. My heart was broken into two jagged pieces. One severed part bleeding empathy for this unfortunate stranger who needed no more humiliation or disappointment in his bleak, desolate existence. The other consumed by sympathy for my husband who, for the first time, glimpsed a darkness through the window of his soul. His clenched .

Registrar Sample Letter to Student free essay sample

This letter is being sent to you on behalf of the Dean of your Faculty. This notice carries no academic penalty. A review Of your Civic undergraduate records shows hat you had accumulated five (5) or more failing grades over the course of your undergraduate studies at Civic (you may not have been assigned a failing grade in the current session).As your session gap is adversely affected by any failing grades and as a low session gap may cause you to become ineligible to continue your studies and be asked to withdraw from Logic (please see the sections under STANDING and WITHDRAWAL in the university Calendar) this letter is being sent to you for information only to help you avoid these possibilities. Please consider the following suggestions: 1 Choose your courses carefully 2. Avoid overloading yourself: be aware of your personal time commitment 3.Monitor your academic progress carefully on an on-going basis, being mindful of academic drop deadlines 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Registrar Sample Letter to Student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Check with your department Undergraduate Advisor about course selection or to see if supplementary tutoring is available for particular problem courses.

Chinese immigrants in the U.S

Introduction The history of migration and immigration of communities across the world has been considerably long and debatable following a number of unforeseen circumstances that result from such activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese immigrants in the U.S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been substantial arguments rising from communities living in world-renowned cities with issues regarding discrimination, nepotism, and prejudice lingering among them. Currently, population surge within big cities and towns across the world might have resulted from much immigration activities that historically have been part of global discussions (Yin 12). The story of Chinese migration in the United States has been in constant documentation in literature, with its initial immigration story quite long and tantalising. Numerous socio-economic motivational factors might have influenced Chinese first immigrat ion to North America (Yin 13). This essay seeks to examine the Chinese immigration to the United States and its impacts. History of Chinese immigrants TheChinese American history is typically a story that entails ethnic Chinese or Chinese Americans migration and immigration activities into the U.S, which is distinguished in three major immigration waves beginning with the 17 century. The history of the Chinese Americans’ immigration into the United States is a long historical issue that literature is always anticipating to cover and somehow tormenting for those who experienced real events while somewhat fruitful for the modern immigrants (Olson 4). According to literature documented by Olson, the immigration trends associating the Chinese people into the US began as early as 1700 century when in 1780s, a group of approximately 100 Chinese explorers journeyed Pacific Ocean towards North America (4). They decided to settle on the Western coast of Canada and subsequently began e xploring the Northwest of Pacific Ocean (Olson 4). A continued influx of Chinese migrants from China slowly began surging into the US thus occupying few regions that finally became populated with Chinese American towards the 1800s, with Lewis and Clark, who were American explorers, marking important events.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chinese American immigration in 1800s-1900s The mid-1800 century witnessed substantial immigration trends of Chinese Americans, with several Chinese men traversing the US to join their earlier fellow fortune hunters (Olson 4). This move was in 1850s when thousands of Chinese populace flocked into the US with their major focus directly intended to occupying the present day California. The notion behind this immigration trend towards California at the time hinged upon accounts of the gold rush or simply presence of gold in the American West, especially in California (Olson 4). At this time, fortunately or unfortunately, few Chinese men found the unintended fortune that included working as cooks, labourers, servants, and even launderers (Olson 4). Factually, as postulated by Olson, â€Å"by the 1860s, most of the California’s gold had been mined and Chinese fortune looked elsewhere to make money† (4). During this crucial moment before fortune hunters could imagine of the aggravation, the United States needed railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad of the US was currently employing labourers to engage in land clearing and laying tracks. The United States during this epoch wanted to construct a railroad that would connect the gradually developing western terrain with the already established Eastern States. Since the Chinese fortune hunters for gold could no longer access the gold itself, most Chinese labourers opted to join the construction workforce to build America’s earliest transcontinental railroad and others became agricultural labourers (Olson 4). The immigration trends involving Chinese immigrants gradually became uncontrollable as it approached 1880s, only twenty years from the gold rush disappointment and at this time, there were approximately 300, 000 Chinese American residing in the US (Olson 4). A majority of the Chinese immigrants occupying California as manual contract labourers began experiencing torment since they possessed very little personal freedom, although this has normally appeared as a common historical fallacy to those who understand the history well (Yin 14). This moment marked a great wave of immigration of not only Chinese immigrants, but also millions of new communities that were assembling in cities and towns within the US. Motivations for Chinese migration to the U.S A continuum of intertwined factors from social, economic, and political issues might have contributed to the unending Chinese Americans’ migration trends that accustomed the American nation back in the years (Behnke 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese immigrants in the U.S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Behnke’s own presumptions, â€Å"immigrants have many different reasons for leaving home and they may leave homes to escape poverty, war, or harsh governments, or even want better living conditions for themselves and their children† (4). The case of motivational factors that triggered Chinese American immigrants is no expectation from the aforementioned issues articulated under such presumptions. For numerous decades, the US has remained renowned as a nation that proffers many socio-economical opportunities and this aspect might have triggered the Chinese to move to the US (Behnke 4). Economically, relative to America’s economical reputation coupled with Chinese economic misfortunes of Chinese pre-historical era akin to other immigrants, the majority of C hinese immigrants were running away from poverty, hardships, and even the emergence of Taiping Rebellion (Chen 15). Therefore, the aspiration to change their future was the first motivational factor that stirred them. Gold has been the most precious natural resource that almost each human being anticipates to possess. According to Yin, among the major motivational factors that triggered the movement of Chinese immigrants into the US was the presence and discoveries of gold around John Sutter’s Sawmill by around 24th of January 1848 (12). Yin affirms, â€Å"Although some individuals arrived in the New World as early as the eighteenth century, it was until the Gold Rush years that Chinese immigration became large enough to have a significant impact on the American society† (12). In essence, the discovery of gold in California was the most motivational aspect that precipitated enormous immigrations continentally into the US. At this time, informants were becoming more dex terous in producing and disseminating gold-related information that connected the US to great riches, hence making the Chinese overwhelmingly convinced to visit this country of opportunities (Yin 14). Notions of Americans as wealthy people and fortune hunters tales began penetrating into Guangzhou (Canton), which was China’s south provincial capital, thus subsequently rising migration morale. Harsh political realities of the 1800 century were among the major reasons that motivated the Chinese immigrants to seek peace in the US. Apart from the Gold rush and Gold Mountains, remunerative wages as well as the Chinese imaginings to shape their future living standards and political repression factors have a significant contribution as impellent factors of Chinese immigration to the US. Economic situation was more catastrophic, particularly in Guangdong province in China and with little recovery from devastative events of Opium War, the Chinese could not anticipate for any better li ving in their homeland (Yin 13).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coupled with their inability to meet the unremitting taxes following impositions by the Qing government that enacted the treaty of Nanjingbased on British terms, peasants and farmers were forced by that regime to sell their possessions including land and this element impelled them to seek abode in the U.S in 1850s (Yin 13). Subsequently, to discourage peasants from joining rebels, the Qing regime adopted extreme terrorism policy to execute males from villages that supported rebels, which impelled them to leave their motherland. Development of anti-Chinese sentiments in the late 1800s TheChinese immigration and settlement into the US did not receive a soft landing as Native Americans felt the itch of these migration events. As economic hardships, internal turmoil, and favorable rich America reports and cheap ship fares propelled massive Chinese immigration, the American government was eying on these movements (Chen 93). As businesses across the ocean commenced with a massive influx o f Chinese immigration activities that had began being much welcomed due to Chinese aptitude to provide the much required labor force, the American government had no much interest in the initial period (Chan 98). The stalemate gradually began when Native Americans noticed the devastating American economy that was by then undergoing depression with jobs becoming scarce and the first thing they thought of was getting rid of the Chinese immigrants (Olson 6). This move attracted attrition between the Native Americans and the Chinese over the dwindling vacancies, with the Americans blaming the Chinese immigrants of the economic misfortune and this element pushed the natives to seek ways of evicting the aliens. Average Americans and their government as well considered early migration trends characterized by normal sailing, merchandizing and domestic matters as minor curiosities (Yin 15). Gradually, news about the confrontation between the Chinese immigrants and the Native American was spre ading rapidly, which led to the American government intervention. This intervention led to the development of anti-Chinese sentiments fueled by aggravations and the U.S government first intervened in 1882 when the congress imposed the Chinese Execution Act, which led to a dramatic decrease of Chinese immigrants from the approximated 105,465 people to 61,639 in 1920s (Chen 155). Californians at this moment had already developed innermost grudge against the Chinese as the government’s effort to support deportation of the immigrants triggered discrimination, racial prejudice, and even violence in almost all the entire zones that they occupied (Behnke 5). According to Yin (16), the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act barred the Chinese from acquiring American citizenship and the Chinese reputation in the US was constantly dwindling from what the Americans crowned them for including their industriousness and honestly. How Chinese Immigration in the 1800’s impacted the United States After the Chinese migration into the US solidified following their craving for equity and justice in the country, which resulted from their triumphant retaliation against the discriminatory laws and regulations, they finally settled and attracted even more immigrants into the country (Chan 99). Subsequently, the Chinese women population that was initially restricted began surging in the country to establish complete settlements with their husbands and families in California and other American States (Chan 94). Noticeably, the favourable reception that the early Chinese immigrants enjoyed had already created much impact on the United States stretching from social, cultural, to economical influence to the American society (Yin 16). In essence, as pressure on the Chinese reduced and political pressure on their eviction vanished, the Chinese began participation in several socio-cultural activities accustomed to the American Natives. With their women and children, the Chinese immigrants filled almost all cities and towns in the US and their interaction with the Americans created a mixture of communal association, while contributing to both affirmative and negative impacts. Affirmative contributions of Chinese Americans Chinese immigrants did not only flavour the American nation with a blend of cultures, but they also had quite a significant contribution to the growth and development of the present day United States (Olson 8). China possessed strong artistic skills, which is among the reasons why they have managed to survive the hostilities in the US as the experiences in incorporating true life stories to art became Americans’ anticipation. Behnke posits, â€Å"Despite struggling to survive through prejudice, discrimination, and violence, Chinese Americans went on to make important contributions to science, art, literature, music, film, and business in their new country† (5). The consumption of the Chinese artistic culture was growing rapidly, America ns were becoming fond of it, and coupled with their merchandising and crafts skills, the American society began changing their perceptions against the Chinese immigrants (Behnke 6). Chinese immigrants and other immigrants from various parts of Southern Europe, Eastern, and Asian regions increased during the crucial American industrial era, consequently contributing to the American growth. As Chinese merchants were becoming busier creating trading routes and connections between Western Asia and Europe trading with Chinese silk and other homemade goods, numerous Chinese migrants were busy seeking opportunities to work in different sectors in the American interior (Behnke 10). While the harsh conditions in their homeland could not allow talented Chinese farmers to practice farming on their own soil, the art of farming that has currently deepened its roots in the US was by then cherished (Chan 105). In fact, as postulated by Olson (6), the attrition between the Native Americans and the Chinese immigrants due to the United States’ economic misfortunes hardened them even more and forced them to seek a different kind of jobs in restaurants, laundries, small factories, and homes subsequently influencing economic growth. According to the literature documented by Yin (118), apart from economical and cultural influence, in learning and education, the Chinese American literature grew exponentially within American schools and this aspect contributed to several aspects of education in the contemporary United States. Negative contributions of Chinese Americans The immigration of Chinese nationalists into the United States might not have been actually tasty and much of the events happening in the country might have resulted from such Chinese emigrational events. As postulated by Yin (11) the Chinese immigration in the US has a history of plea and protest against discriminatory coupled with laws that impel mistreatment, something that is not actually bad. However, these processions have greatly attributed to the erosion of significant rules and regulations that might have been imperative in controlling illegal immigration in the US (Behnke 8). The immigration trends of 1800s triggered by the stubborn and needy Chinese might have contributed heavily to the insecurity ramifications in the US fuelled by pounding immigration into the current America, with any race fighting for space and inclusion in American soil (Chen 142). To the later, the scramble for inclusion of numerous races in the US is quite evitable with great fear of terrorism attacks and other security matters salient in the entire United States. The first legislation of its kind that recorded great history in the US was the aforementioned Exclusion Act of 1882 that barred Chinese women, who were Chinese labourers’ wives, from visiting the United States (Chan 96). Back to the Chinese traditions, the Chinese society has been patriarchal and the only tolerable role for the married Ch inese women by that moment were serving their husbands, parents-in-law, and bearing children (Chan 95). Such issues became historical when Chinese women began inflowing into the US following the abolition of the Exclusion Act and this ruling provided women with favourable conditions to migrate to the US (Chan 98). The presence of Chinese women in the US did not only spur Chinese immigration into U.S, but there was also a perception of staining major American cities with indecent behaviours. Chan (104) asserts that since Chinese men labourers were still earning meagre wages, their women decided to find possible means of supporting their husbands, and finally they ended engaging in unlawful prostitution that tinted the American cities. The modern Chinese Americans Finally, Chinese immigrants managed to conquer almost all discriminatory regulations by fighting on civil-liberty grounds, subsequently leading to an influx of massive Chinese populace to seeking abode in the US (Behnke 19). The American congress in 1943 harmoniously withdrew the Chinese Exclusion Act, and in few years, the United States had set its focus on the World War II, thus giving an opportunity to immigration again. In the mid to late 1900s, Chinese immigration into the US increased substantially. Currently, approximately 10 million Asian people in total have managed to acquire American citizenship and settled in the US, with Chinese Americans making the largest populace (Olson 7). Contemporary, a stroll around the United States’ major cities is reminiscent of travelling several countries continentally, with groceries and shops offering foreign products and selling international foods (Behnke 4). Chinese Americans are currently the most spread and populated immigrants occupying the largest portion of Native American immigrants in the modern days. Based on the recent 2000 U.S census, Chinese Americans are approximately 2.4 million with permanent settlements in the US (Behnke 5). Generally , combined with other Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, they sum up to about 16 million immigrants residing in the US. Chinese Americans are still suffering from poor communication in the US given the fact that during immigration, few of them managed to muddle through the U.S educational system (Yin 19). English proficiency in the Chinese Americans in the modern days gives them a hard time to cope with the ever-changing American lifestyle including unrelenting medical challenges as chronic cancer and hepatitis B that kills thousands of them annually (Yin 130). Still dwelling in low cost rentals and others in America’s rural suburbs, Chinese are still suffering from discrimination and prejudice despite their great contribution to the growth and development of the American economical, social, and cultural endeavours. The majority are still languishing in poverty and living below the United States’ poverty line. Conclusion Scarcity of reliable sources may hamper the ability to determine the exact dates when the Chinese officially began migrating to the United States. Nonetheless, substantial literature links the events of 1850s in China to the beginning of serious Chinese emigrational activities towards the US. The Chinese immigration of 1800s into the US might have been very influential in triggering transnational migration towards the country with tales of California Gold, political, and economic misfortunes behind such movements. Chinese Americans have undergone severe torment prior to their emigrational activities to the U.S including racial discrimination and prejudice. Currently, despite having acquired permanent settlement and citizenships, Chinese Americans are still suffering from discrimination, ethnic bias, and healthcare inequalities following their inabilities to communicate proficiently in English. Intuitively, immigration to the US might never halt following its closer connection with wealth and power especially in the current de cades and Asians are still on the move to find fortunes in the U.S. Works Cited Behnke, Alison. Chinese in America, Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 2005. Print. Chan, Sucheng. The exclusion of Chinese women 1870-1943, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1875. Print. Chen, Jack. The Chinese of America, New York: Harper Row Publishers, 1980. Print. Olson, Kay. Chinese Immigrants, 1850-1900, Minnesota: Capstone Publisher, 2002. Print. Yin, Xiao-Huang. Chinese American Literature since the 1850s, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print. This essay on Chinese immigrants in the U.S was written and submitted by user Jamal Guerra to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sensory Perception essays

Sensory Perception essays Like all animals, human beings receive pertinent information about the world through sensory perception: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. This raw data is then analyzed and interpreted by the brain, and thus conceptions of the universe are formed. Most of our definitions and judgments about reality are dependent upon sensation and perception. In fact, science is largely based on sensory data, and science greatly informs our definitions of reality. Moreover, our definition of reality can be distorted by our senses and perceptions. For example, optical illusions create erroneous pictures. Depending on the reliability of our sense organs, the definition of reality can differ from person to person. For the most part, however, human beings share a vision of reality because of the uniformity of sensory data. We agree that the sky is blue, leaves are green, and lemons are sour. Furthermore, we make judgments based on sensations and perceptions. A foul smell will warn us that food has gone bad, for instance. An angry face can inform us of the emotional state of another human being, and often prompts us to react accordingly. Those who are deprived of one or more of the senses, such as the blind or the deaf, will perceive reality differently. A blind person, for example, will base reality on hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting, in the absence of Most people distinguish reality from fantasy by relying on sensation and perception. That which cannot be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted exists in the realm of the imagination. Reality, therefore, becomes that which is reliably and consistently perceived by the senses. We know that tables are hard and jackhammers are loud because our senses tell us so; likewise, we know that leprechauns do not exist because we have never Aesthetics are also based on sensation and perception. Some people ...

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

Psychology - Essay Example This research used ANOVA to find out whether there is effectiveness in the way in which information is relayed or communicated. The experiment used a 3 x 3 factorial with three levels of message format (email, telephone, written) and three levels of message length, described as no extras, small, and large. From the experiment, it was demonstrated that in the email format, the participants had more correct answers, than the two – telephone and written formats. The written format was next to the email formal. We can analyze here that the email and the written format are almost identical format, although the written format can be considered as more formal in appearance, but is actually identical with the email format. For the three levels of the message length, the ‘no extra’ details got the highest number of correct answer and the highest mean. The email format is more preferred by the participants; meaning the intended information is well received by the participants through the manner of communication, which is email. The email format is easily understood, and this is understandable because it has become the most common form of communication among the young population during the advent and popularity of the internet. The message length also has an effect on how the information is received by the participants. The message length has an effect on all three formats – email, telephone, and written. At the ‘no extra’ level, the participants were responding with high scores. This is also true with the telephone and the written formats, although these two were a bit lower when it came to the values of the means. Scores were lower on all three formats when information was relayed and manipulated with ‘small’ and ‘large’ details. We computed the mean of the three formats to the level when information was manipulated to ‘small’ and ‘large’ and we attained intriguing

Reforms for K-12 California Education System Essay

Reforms for K-12 California Education System - Essay Example Many efforts have been put to address multiple language students. A number of inconsistencies that remains deeply entrenched within the inefficient system. Firstly, parents are left to determine whether a child should be taken to a bilingual class or not. Of course, this is the greatest undoing of the California system because parents do not understand the fundamental principles of learning. In addition, leaving the decision entire for parents is a sign of a failed system because it pays no attention to the child’s abilities.   Ã‚  Secondly, appear to lean towards western traditionalist ideology as compared to the modern multiculturalist’s approach in education (Friend and Loyce 2013, 367). One of the key issues that the system fails to recognize is the existence of rights of a student to be taught in a language they understand. In contrast, we find that this partial implantation of multicultural education systems captures the Norton of sympathetic westernized tendenc ies. In reality, the schools are failing in enhancing systematic education training using the right channel. Studies show that many Asian students have poor scores, not because they have limited potential but because teachers and California State Department of Education has failed to develop a comprehensive policy and provide necessary special facilities that is adequate and appropriate to the student’s needs.  Ã‚  The future of multiple culture approach remains bleak with this K-12 system if the system of purposeful discrimination.

Subprime Mortgage Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Subprime Mortgage Crisis - Research Paper Example These numerous theories, which have come up to explain the root cause of the subprime crisis. Numerous experts and economists believe that a combination of factors resulted to the crisis (Lynnley 13). This study intends to examine the housing bubble as a major cause of the subprime crisis. Housing Bubble This study reveals that the present mortgage crisis started with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble, which commenced in early 2001 and ascended to its peak in the year 2005. Essentially, a housing bubble can be defined as an economic bubble whose occurrence in both the local and international platforms in real markets id characterized by almost similar features. The housing bubble is defined by express rise in the valuations of real assets until untenable levels related to income and affiliated affordability indicators are reached (Lynnley 11). This situation leads to the decrease of home prices and debts related to mortgages, which are higher compared to the value of the assets . It is imperative to note that the housing bubble was discovered at the aftermath of the market correction that happened in the U.S in 2006. In 2007, Alan Greenspan, the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board indicated that, United States has been having a bubble in the housing sector (Muolo and Padilla 3-7). This came upon the realization that the house prices appeared to be overwhelmingly overvalued. The sentiments were echoed by the Richard Syron, the CEO Freddie Mac and concurred with the Yale University economist Robert Shiller who warned that the necessary correction of the bubble would be done in many years to come wit trillions of dollars being lost. This situation would lead to a double-digit decline in the home values. The housing bubble in relation to the historically low interest rates This study reveals that the majority of the experts and economists believe that the housing bubble in the United States of American was partially caused by the historical low intere st rates. It is imperative to note that the Federal Reserve Board had reduced the short-term interest rates by 5.5% (from 6.5% to as low as 1 %). This was a response of the collapse of the dot-com bubble (Muolo and Padilla 3-7). This happened in early the year 2000 and was followed by the ensuing recession in 2001; however, this response significantly endangered the housing bubble through the decrease in real long-term interest rates. It is essential to note that, the US mortgages rates are set in relation to Treasury bond yields of 10 years. These rates are influenced by the Federal funds rates. This study establishes that the Federal Reserve Board acknowledged the relevance of the connection amid lower interests’ rates, increased liquidity and the higher home values in relation to the general status of the economy. On the other hand, Greenspan disputes the claim that he engineered the housing bubble. Greenspan asserts that the Fed’s decline in rates contributed to th e inflation of the bubble. In 2007, Greenspan argued that, the housing bubble was not in any way related or linked to the Fed’s policy on interest rates, however, Greenspan pointed out on the international surplus in savings, which pushed down the interest rates

Retail Merchandising And In Store Operations

Retail Merchandising And In Store Operations Introduction Many companies have acknowledged that improving their store layout; they will be able to increase their number of sales per square foot. Even the architecture of a store can lead to an increase in sales. Within the store layout marketing strategy, there are a number of different aspects to take into consideration such as architecture, store ambiance and location, visual merchandising and most importantly the store layout. Visual merchandising can be anything from the store window display to store ambience, all of these artefacts are put into action when companies wish to increase their sales per square foot. There are both positive and negative ways in which a change to a store layout can increase the sales per square foot for a company, as because of this numerous actions must be considered before a company drastically changes their layout. Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to research how store layouts and improvements to a store can increase the sales per square foot. â€Å"Store layout and visual merchandising are two important factors that add to the distinctiveness of a store. The interior design of the store plays a more vital role† as show on Indian MBA (2008). Also mentioned on Indian MBA (2008) â€Å"Space is always an extremely expensive and scarce resource. Retailers try to maximize the return on sales per square foot.† This is the best way to describe why retailers see the interior of their store as the best way in which they can increase these sales per square foot. There are various types of store layouts which retailers would consider to increase their sales per square foot. This report will analyse and explore how retail design, store layout and visual merchandising can help increase sales per square foot, by the use of research into trade publications as well as newspapers and other sources. Also in this report, examples of stores that have successfully managed to increase their sales per square foot will be mentioned. Findings Retail architecture is a vital mechanism in the function of market intermediation. Retail architecture is defined as those market spaces that affect the relationship between supply and demand. Architecture can directly illustrate some stores social significations of retail relationships; its brutality as well as its warmth, and its social class. For example Harrods has a high level of retail architecture, as it is not only a tourist attraction due to its external historical architecture but it also denotes peoples social class as people who are of a higher social status or social class would be most likely to shop at Harrods. Liberty the British department store has a high level of appreciation for its buildings history, as Creative Director Tamara Salman of clothing brand Liberty of London adds to her collection the stores extraordinary 130 year heritage. Liberty store is able to build upon their heritage to ensure that they increase their sales per square foot figure. With being such a strong and historical store it is hard for many new and upcoming companies to be able to have such a strong fall back for increasing sales. However, retail store layouts are important determinants of customer behaviour. UK fashion retailers are able to gather critical information regarding their target consumers which in turn enable them to create interiors which successful attract these groups. In the context of the store layout, time-poor and highly mobile consumers require different spaces than shoppers who leisurely shop at discounts, and selectively during sales periods at various stages in the business cycle. Also, gender differences in shopping can justify quite specific changes to fashion store formats and space allocation. Store layouts and the merchandise offered are matched to the targeted consumers to the extent that customers ‘buy into branding statements. It is important that the retailer gains a positive reaction to the new layout of its merchandise within the store as a negative reaction would then cause sales to decrease. To ensure that a company is using the right type of store layout, the retailer would look into their own store layout analysis. Within a store layout analysis, careful consideration is given to the products being sold and their location; this can also be seen as basic psychology used to entice customers to spend more money usually through impulse buying. Retailers can also increase their competitiveness by closely targeting and fulfilling their customers needs. Tauber (1972) hypothesised three reasons for shopping; personal motives, social motives and impulse buying. Creating consumer satisfaction involves delivering quality products that meet their needs and is core in highly competitive environments. The allocation of space within any store can be on the basis of many factors such as historical sales, daily average sales, profits, margins, industry averages and strategic reasons. A store layout must also include space for essential functions such as inventory, customer service desks and changing rooms. For any retailer to have success in increasing their sales per square foot, the must look at a number of aspects such as their fixtures and fittings, colours of the store interior, lighting, and window displays. Store interiors are designed in a way which influences consumer behaviour which is referred to as Visual Merchandising. Company visual merchandisers control the use of equipment, displays, colours, illuminations, music, ambience and floor management within a store. Music: Music can be used to increase sales per square feet, as music sets the tone of the environment within the store and as peoples moods change throughout the course of the day it is essential to also have music which reflects the mood of the customers. Music which is played during the morning should be high energy based as customers have lots of energy and this would mean that a company would have more people coming in and purchasing items during the morning hours. Music during the afternoon should be more mellow as peoples energy levels are decreasing and they are more reluctant to browse through the store looking for their wanted items compared to those in the morning. Similarly to the morning during early evening hours, customers respond better to slightly more up-tempo songs. Retailers should also take into consideration their target consumers when deciding on what type of music they should have playing in their stores. Colour: Colour is another factor that can entice customers into shopping at a specific store, colour is immediate, emotional and memorable. Colours bring out emotions and feelings automatically to customers, therefore it is essential to retailers to get the correct colour balance for their store. The colour blue is seen as a natural element, but it is also connected with trust and stability, therefore retailer who use blue within their interior design in informing customers that they are trustworthy and understandable as well as confident. The colour green is found to be a successful colour when linked to hygiene and beauty, which is the main colour for the company Body Shop. All Body Shop fronts are green and have some form of a green colour within their interior. The Body Shop also consists of natural colours and woods making customers feel a sense of freshness, healthiness, youthfulness and the colour green can also be linked to money. Colours within the Purple category can be linked to the emotion or sense of royalty, luxury and spiritual. Again the store Liberty link purple into their company in the use of their website, correspondence as well as their company gift bags, this enables their customers to leave the store with a sense of luxury which also makes them more likely to come and purchase from Liberty again. Fixtures and Fittings: Within any retail store, the fixtures and fittings are another key element to increasing sales per square foot. For shelves, eye level and slightly above is the best position to sell garments from, as colour of the garment can catch customers eyes making them stop to look at the item. Displays should be kept simple, and have a theme to them. It is also effective to include the products in use or as a collection which can be paired up e.g. in Primark or Marks and Spencers, many items of clothing a paired together such as shirts are sectioned with trousers, skirts and blazers as this enables the consumer to see what the item will look like paired with something else, this also shows that they do not have far to go to obtain a matching jacket for a work skirt. Also in Primark, shoes are usually opposite the formal or business wear but situated closely to accessories such as handbags and purses; again this is done so that the consumer doesnt have very far to travel in order to complete the outfit they required. It is also important to have impulse items which are usually located close to the tills so that customers are more likely to purchase these along with their inital shopping, this could be anything from socks to lip glosses. Window display: Bright and colourful window displays can make the company store window stand out from other competitors, however the use of too many colours can make the store look cheap and put customers off going into the store. The lighting used within a store front should be bright as this makes it more attractive and appealing to passing customers. A store window is an ideal way of attracting new and existing customers as you can use a store window to build the company image, showcase new arrivals as well as products that are in high demand. Window displays should be changed frequently to keep target customers and new customers interested in the company, and to make them stop and purchase something. The department store Selfridges is the most competent store for their window displays as each window can tell a different story based on whatever theme maybe inspirational at the time. As Selfridges window display tells a store more and more customers are intrigued to know what it is about and where they can find the items shown in the window, this is how Selfridges gains an increase in their sales per square foot. Lighting: Proper lighting can increase sales by up to 20%, therefore all retailers will benefit from using the best bulbs possible when updating their store layout. In 2010, John Lewis changed their store lighting as the dim lighting which was previously in store caused consumers to be less likely to spend money as dim lighting can cause customers to feel tired. Retailers should make use of spot lights, as these can be used to highlight key areas or even key products which may be commission based, therefore the more sold, the more money the company makes. Conclusion: As mentioned throughout this report, companies need to selectively decide which options will be best for them to be able to increase the sales per square feet as the initial reaction of the customers to a new store layout is the deciding factor as to whether the company will target more customers or lose customers as a result. Companies should pay close attention to the information they already poses about their customers and use this to their advantage, they should also be aware of their competitors so that they are able to always be one step ahead, boosting sales as they go.

Resources and Development in an economy :: Economics

Resources and Development in an economy Resources and Development a) Resources influence the structure and progress of an economy. If something is considered a resource it is potentially of economic benefit. However there are three differing types of resources, and it is the relative abundance of all these that dictates the economic structure. It is debatable whether the presence of one resource, e.g. Coal (a natural resource), leads in itself to economic sustainability and strength. There are human, capital and natural resources. Human resources represent the quality and quantity of the workforce and is influenced by factors such as education and demographics. Capital resources come in the form of accumulated wealth in assets such as industry or infrastructure. Natural resources, such as oil, coal or timber, are primary materials which are of utility to man, which man has the willingness (i.e. it will either be of use in other industrial processes or will gain a profit), and ability to exploit. These three factors combine to provide the backbone to an economy, although they often rely on one another, especially the industries on the workforce, to function properly. Natural resources are arguably the 'kick off' necessity of the other two, and is more complex as there are many types of natural resource, both infinite such as timber, and finite such as crude oil. There is therefore the issue of decision-making regarding sustainability, and the appropriateness of using a particular resource for a particular purpose, when a suitable replacement is available, and this often alters which natural materials are regarded as resources. b) Logic would suggest that the presence of natural resources in a country has a positive relationship with its economic development. There are many examples that support this theory, such as with the most developed countries of Western Europe, and renowned anthropologists such as Rostow assume it to be true. However there is well supported evidence that natural resources are not at all essential for economic development, and with the global political structure having evolved the way it has, anthropologists such a Gunder-Frank suggest that natural resources can be more of a hindrance than an advantage regarding the improvement of an economy. In his model for economic development Rostow assumes that natural resources are necessary for economic progression through the 'preconditions for takeoff' and 'takeoff' stages of development. This was originally true in the case of the first industrialised countries in the 18th century. The development of the UK's wool, and later coal industries, directly triggered the processes that have led to the UK's developed economy today. However Gunder-Frank would argue that as soon as the first industrialised nations became rich and began looking to exploit wealth

Analyse Staff Turnover, Its Cost and Effects on the Business and Develop Strategies to Improve Retention.

Analyse staff turnover, its cost and effects on the business and develop strategies to improve retention. Subject: Human Resource Management MGT 201 Student Name: Brenda Lai (YUN-CHU LAI) Student Number: 00038680T Lecturer: Alison Knight Staff turnover, or labour turnover, is a percentage of a number of employees that leave a firm in a period of time. Reasons for leaving can be voluntary, such as resignation, relocation to another company or any other personal reasons that cause the employees unable to continue the job.It may also be involuntary such as being terminated due to poor job performance, absenteeism or violation of work policies. Companies that have too low or too high turnover rate are generally inefficient and low-productive. Firms that have high turnover rate will have an overall decreasing in competency and productivity because the frequent replacement of workers as well as increasing in costs. However, it is not necessarily true that the lower the turnover rate, the b etter for the business. Businesses that have very low turnover rate could result in a tiring, inactive and demotivating work environment.As employees form the backbone of every organization, it is critical for managers to analyse the causes for high or low turnover rate, develop retention practices and maintain a steady, satisfied workforce. Turnover costs for many organizations are high and can have significant impacts on the financial performance of an organization. Turnover costs can be categorized into two kinds, direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include recruitment, selection and training of new employees, expense of advertising positions, and costs of temporary replacement of employees.Indirect costs, which refer to loss of efficiency and productivity, can be caused by a variety of reasons such as inefficiency and lack of experience of the newly appointed employees, breakage of tools caused by mishandling of equipment by new employees, lack of cooperation and coord ination between old and new employees, costs of increased supervision and support for the new employees, the time used for reading resumes and interviewing the candidates. The costs mentioned above are only general ideas that can be found in most businesses, however turnover costs can vary from different industries.For example, as a sales company, losing one sale could mean losing more than one important client at the same time. If the business is service-based, employers need to make sure they keep key employees. If employees leave, the company can face serious problems due to lack of professional services resulting in high staff turnover which could cost the business more than anything else. Smart companies pay attention to retaining of employees and minimize the act of turnover, which will then be discussed more in details in the following paragraphs.In a human resource perspective, for most organizations the goal is to lower staff turnover, maintain consistency in the workforce and train more skilled employees. High staff turnover can be costly to the business financially and also create problems internally. Internal problems include low employee morale, low employee royalty and stressful employees. This can then lead to decrease of productivity and efficiency. On the other hand, companies that have a low staff turnover rate are generally more productive and successful. (This is not an assumption; low voluntary turnover might sometimes be a negative for organizations.Details will be discussed at the next paragraph. ) Reasons being are that the employees trust each other, respect their leaders and feel a sense of belonging while working in the company. Employees in a positive and motivated work environment are normally more loyal and willing to dedicate their personal energy to the job. In addition, an organization that offers a better payroll system compared with others with similar jobs is likely to have lower turnover rate. Companies that offer satisfyin g bonuses and incentives tend to entice their employees to stay longer.Another reason for companies that have low turnover is that they help the employees to see the career benefits that lie ahead for them to achieve. Ultimately people search for settlement and a long-term career that helps to reach their goals. Therefore a well thought out career plan for employees is always a good way to keep them engaged. For instance, most hotels offer management training programmes for employees who have worked in the establishment over 1-2 years. It encourages employees who desire a long-term career goal to remain, and to continuously dedicate their skills to the hotel.Hotels also offer department transfer opportunities for employees who have been in the firm over 6 months or 1 year. By doing so, the hotel can keep the workers that are loyal to the company, and reducing some of the costs of training if they are transferred or promoted to or within a similar department. Overall a low staff turn over means a more productive, positive and efficient work environment and in some cases, successful business. It is important for companies to keep the staff turnover rate down, however according to Dr.John Sullivan who is an expert in recruitment management says that from his experience, voluntary turnover rate below 4% is not a good sign and should be taken into serious discussions by the company. (Dr. J. Sullivan, 8/8/2011, Final Thoughts, http://www. ere. net/2011/08/08/a-low-turnover-rate-could-mean-that-you-have-ugly-employees/). The article says that a low voluntary turnover rate could at the same time mean the employees in the firm are unskilled therefore seemed unattractive to other competitors or unambitious to seek external jobs.A very low voluntary turnover could sometimes be caused by inactive management or a lack of courage to terminate unsuitable employees. It is also crucial for companies to receive exit or a post-exit interview for feedback from departing employees. With almost no circulation in human resource, companies will find it difficult to understand its problems that could cause failure of the business. Companies that have zero or very low voluntary turnover rate is like a stagnant pool of water, with no fresh and clean water coming in, implying lack of new ideas, skills and competitive intelligence that are brought in by new employees.It is always good to recruit on a regular basis. Having skilled new employees input can make the current employees feel threatened and having to compete with them, as a result of creating a motivated and competitive environment. Eventually the lazy and unambitious employees will be forced to leave. Well-managed companies with exceptional management and retention practices generally maintain low voluntary turnover rates, but higher involuntary rates to keep development processes running and avoid talent decay.One of the key ways to prevent high employee turnover is to instill in them a sense of belonging, loyalty and commitment. The following are some ideas to accomplish this. Initially, human resources or recruitment managers want to ensure they recruit the â€Å"right people†. The right people meaning candidates who share similar values, principles and goals with the company. This ensures long-term employee loyalty and retention, because they have the commitment before they start working in the organization. Secondly, providing employees with opportunities for advancement help them to view what they will be in, in the following years.Most employees feel motivated if they have clear vision of what potential positions are available for them in the future at a higher level. To value employees’ voice and contribution and give them praise, helps to build up trust and loyalty between employers and employees. Thirdly, companies with a well-developed compensation package create a favorable environment for employees. The package should include variety of pay scale, incentives , bonuses, welfare and benefits. Additionally, leveling the workload and being flexible with working hours have become a critical issue for employers to look at.Employers should recognize the quality of work life is getting more important for employees. Most importantly, having an exit interview is always a good way to find out the reasons why employees leave and issues that should be addressed to reduce a high staff turnover. Retention practices assist organizations to keep their key employees from leaving to work for other competitors and maintain a healthy turnover rate. To develop a retention strategy, managers firstly need to understand the reasons why people leave. It can be environmental or motivational problems.Low performers tend to leave more often than high performers. However high performers could also leave due to lack of promotional opportunities, training or recognition for effective performance. By implementing exit and post-exit interviews can help managers to under stand what employees need and things they can improve on. Job satisfaction plays an important role in retaining employees. It gives employees a sense of belonging, prestige, a status or authority and power in the organization. Feeling satisfied within their position generally creates motivation.When staff are motivated, they are more likely to perform a higher quality of work. Employees who have good work performance deserve rewards. Businesses often use bonuses, commissions, compensation or employee benefits to reward staff to make sure they keep up the good work. Companies with a substantial reward system and employee welfare are more likely to retain their key employees from leaving the company and work for other competitors. For example, Google offers a list of employee benefits that is called â€Å"I-bet-you-don’t-have-that-where-you-work†.It includes flexible hours for nearly every professional employee, casual dress everyday, pets allowed to work, onsite dental care, free massage and yoga, free drinks, free meals and many other benefits that most employees desire. (HCA Online, 25/07/2006, http://www. hcamag. com/article/a-look-inside-the-google-talent-machine-112999. aspx). Retention and recruitment of key employees will be more critical in the following years as the baby boomer generation moves towards retirement, which leads to shortage of skills in the industry. Managers that recognise their staff as their greatest asset generally are more successful than others who don’t.A successful business requires several factors; one of the most important and most irreplaceable things is its competitive advantage(s). By retaining key employees, the people that create or help to maintain competitive advantages, companies are more likely to achieve its long-term goals and make desirable profits. For example, Google is well known for its special recruitment system and attractive retention strategies that every employee dreams about. One of Goo gle’s interesting programmes is called â€Å"Working with 20 per cent time†. (HCA Online, 25/07/2006, http://www. hcamag. om/article/a-look-inside-the-google-talent-machine-112999. aspx). It means that the employee works one day a week on their own to research individual selected projects that the company funds and supports. Google have crafted every position and element in the workplace so that all employees are working on projects that interest them, continuously learning and being challenged positively to do more. This programme makes the work itself become an attraction and retention force, a driver of motivation and innovation, and a feeling that the employees themselves are adding value to the company.What Google have done is not only make their employees want to remain and work for them but also continually create and develop skilled people. With Google’s perfect retention strategies, they are confident to retain valuable employees and create a positive c ycle. In conclusion, it is essential for organizations to understand staff turnover rates and analyze the cause and effects of turnover, in order to maintain it in a healthy and favorable level. This paper has discussed the costs, causes and effects for high staff turnover, and also the negative impacts on businesses with a very low turnover rate.It has also mentioned a diverse range of ideas on how to prevent a high staff turnover, as well as develop a thorough retention strategy that encourages key employees to remain within an organization. Some successful real life examples have been provided from the company ‘Google’ have been mentioned and referenced. Overall recruitment and retention are substantial factors for a successful business. Reference List: â€Å"A Look Inside the Google Talent Machine†, â€Å"HCA Online†, , assessed date: 28/03/2013 Dr. J.Sullivan, 8/8/2011, â€Å"A Low Turnover Rate Could Mean That You Have Ugly Employees†, â€Å" RER. net†, < http://www. ere. net/2011/08/08/a-low-turnover-rate-could-mean-that-you-have-ugly-employees/>, Assessed date: 27/03/2013 F. John Reh, â€Å"The High Cost Of High Employee Turnover†, â€Å"About. com Management†, < http://management. about. com/od/money/a/The-High-Cost-Of-High-Employee-Turnover. htm> Assessed date: 27/03/2013 K. May, â€Å"Causes & Effects of High & Low Staff Turnover†, â€Å"Demand Media†, â€Å"Chrone†, < http://smallbusiness. chron. com/causes-effects-high-low-staff-turnover-33939. h

The Impact of Olympic Games on Supply Management

The Impact of Olympic Games on Supply Management Abstract The fact that Olympic Games are to be held next year, it is important to analyze some of the issues relating to the supply of products. This also includes factors of importance to the companies as they prepare to have the service delivery of their best suit, as well as, the most vital considerations in the pursuit of such goals (McCarthy, 2011, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Impact of Olympic Games on Supply Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here, let me say that London being the host of the great event, it is important for suppliers and companies at large to have the best preparation before the event. This will save them a lot of agony, which could arise from the failure to plan, in addition to constant reaction disparities. Therefore, it is important to focus on some of the factors that the companies might be undergoing in the pre-preparation of the event with regard to the issues tha t are arising to them now, those that will be portrayed in the actual event also the resultant effects of the whole event thereafter. Possessing the knowledge of the markets as it relates to issues of delivery of products precisely supply as well as the factors that affect the channels and modes of supply, the issue of Olympics games in London is of major concern. This is because it raises various sensitive considerations as it pertains to the companies and their readiness for the event. This paper will therefore, seek to answer the question, why do companies seem unprepared for the Olympic Games in London? This will be based on the article provided for review as well as the actual analysis of management issues relating to supply in the usual market and the issue of disaster management. Introduction To begin with, the article analyzes the previous market behaviors as they relate to issues of supply and the essence of future strategic planning. The Olympic season here is compared to Christmas season in terms of companies’ operations requirements (Albert 1). This is because of the peak, with reference to operative considerations of organizations. It is presumed that even though buyers may not feel directly impacted by such occurrences, their respective supply chains are significantly affected.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A managerial perspective of the situation is given by the UK country’s manager Humphries, where he denoted that a greater risk is even projected in a situation where the customer is not preferred by the supplier. This is because in terms of supply, prioritizing the customer will get a very low position and might end up running short of supply or getting none (Blackstone, 1989). The most advised aspect of the companies getting supplies from similar suppliers to those of the Olympics are in the actual sense in a very dangerous position. This is because when it comes to supplying for them as well as the Olympics they may get the second position in priorities. This is a major threat to the supply requirements of the companies, as it would render them unreliable to their customers and eventually losing the customers. The mentioned risk however, can be mitigated through the establishment of better control of inventories, which will help in the elimination of the error of underestimation or overestimation of demand (Sollish Semanik, 2007). The impact of Olympic Games on the supply of products Actually, some companies will choose to take advantage and use the Olympic branded products seeking to obtain maximum demand of the products. However, such companies ought to be extremely careful when it comes to purchasing because of the risk of being new in the Olympics trade. Another risk relating to the use of the branded products is, though at first they may be well selling, and giving appealing ret urns, they might turn to be a very big disappointment after certain occasions. This is with reference to the case of the 2010 rebranded products whose demand significantly fell after England had dropped out of the tournament. However, this should not hinder the suppliers from accessing the benefits of the branded products, but it is only aimed at cautioning them to be flexible and take advantage of supplies when necessary. The issue of disruption however, is not the only concern for the buyers hindering them from preparation of their contingent plans. Other issues have also been playing a role in the interference with such planning. These include the unrest that has been noticed in the United Kingdom, as well as, the issue of weather disparities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Impact of Olympic Games on Supply Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been realized that in most cases, organizations ar e not prepared in advance for the day-to-day unforeseen risks. The organizations in the recent past have not been considerate of the disruption impact brought about by the Games. It is further noted in the article that some suppliers who do their businesses in a small scale have not considered the factor of business continuity sufficiency, which is the main threat on the companies not anticipating for wellbeing of the Olympic Games. Effective supply chain aims at eventually getting the operations back up and ensure the sufficient consistency of the operations. The second thing to consider in the discussion on the readiness for the Olympic Games is that of the supply chains. These chains are facing increased pressures and the purchasers should be ready for it. However, as the Olympic Games get closer, it has been noticed that most of the purchasers have realized the potential too late about the essence of disruption of the supply chains. The exception of the percentage of companies t hat are anticipating and preparing for a disruption as it pertains to the games is 40%, and this is a considerably small figure as compared to the initial performances portrayed. A research to identify the notions and perceptions of the purchasers on issues relating to the supply chain showed that more than four fifths did not think there were any problems associated with the supply chain, which in this situation is a very vital issue of consideration as it relates to the companies’ preparedness for the Olympic Games. Further survey showed that 58 percent did not hold any plans that would be of use in the event that such problems came up. Quoting the statement made by John Mile who is a procurement consultant, it is evident that the effects on the supply chains on an issue relating to the supply chains are inevitable.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This time round therefore, during the Olympics it should be among the suppliers’ considerations to meet these inevitable business surcharges and therefore planning for them should be amongst their most recent and considered a list of priorities (Sollish Semanik, 2007). These inevitable surcharges therefore, require the suppliers to plan and ensure that their councils are strategically protected from any risks they might face. The Olympics therefore, might have a big impact on business continuity. It is presumed that due to the issue that will be accruing to the London Olympics, anyone who at that time will be operating business in and around London must have an issue however, adequately they prepare. In the recent past however, some of the internal risks analysis on the forecasting of the Olympic Games have been underway and the main intend of the analysis is looking at the discovery of alternate working ways which may include stock piling the necessary resources before the start of the Games (Sollish Semanik,2007). Let me now focus on some of the major companies in the London markets also those that are intending to be involved in trading during the Olympic Games. Here, a critical look on the Dixons retail, the company feels that it is ready to handle any issues, which might arise relating to matters of operational considerations, as well as, marketing opportunities. They are different in that in their business consideration unlike other companies who give the first priority to the trading aspect and profit maximization, their major focus is on the expectations for a disruption. In preparation for these, they have already built into their initial plans extra capacity for the accommodation of such disruptions as projected concerning the activities of Olympic Games. Supply chains play a major role in the determination of how reactions in the workplace as issues of riots are treated also their effects to a company’s profitability. What remains to be seen is that contingency planning is a major attribute towards the effective decision making also the eventual solution analysis in the companies’ activities. James Jaggard the best way to avoid disruptions is only through building of reliable and considerably good relationships with vendors. The companies that have used this approach in the preparation of the Olympic Games activities feel that their supply chains will not be negatively impacted and business will go on as usual (Sollish Semanik, 2007). An applicable methodology is the utilization of the existing long-term contracts also the existent partnership agreements as possible. This as per the article is aimed at ensuring that the supplier chain changes are greatly limited as they could lead to project delays as well as, an act as a major financial risk. Where there are no flexible vendors, deals like the one mentioned above due to the lack of good relationships with them, Jaggard believes that the place where act ion should begin is at the identification of the strategic also the technical suppliers who are critical to the business. In the advice of Jaggard, it is important to realize that some of the technicalities that can be handled include the measure of capacity and capability, an understanding of the customers of your supply, the understanding of an own spending profile as well and the supplier’s capability of your own (Cavinato, Flynn Kauffman, 2004). The beliefs of purchasers differ significantly in that other purchasers believe that their focus in terms of risks accruing to them is the future prices. However, this can be treated in due consideration of the activities of making strategies that counter the rise in prices in that a reconsideration of the initial specifications of the products and work on re-designing the whole product for the purpose of changing how well it suits the particular market. Considerations The article ends by giving a review of certain considerations , which are the main attributes of impact assessment. These considerations are the activities of the organization to extend lead times with suppliers in advance aiming at factoring in the possible issues. A good example of how this could be done is through the updating of the Information technology system. Secondly, the organizations should seek to find out possible alternatives for transport and the distribution where goods could be delivered effectively whenever the necessity arises as this could curb disruption issues. There is also need to assess the possibilities of business continuity plans of the partners in the supply chain as well as the ones of your own organization. Back-up servers for the protection of the IT department should be harnessed. A given possession of the article portrays that shortage as the case of fuel should be prioritized and curtailed. Too much reliance on a particular vendor should be avoided since this leads to disparity in the sense that it is acknowl edged for dependence by different suppliers to obtain vendors at will (Trent, 2007). Alternative sources of business critical supplies and enhances ease of access. Payment ought to be backed- up also systems to ensure that vendors continue to be paid no matter the payment circumstances. All the above information as it pertains to the article shows the varied impacts of Olympic Games also the levels of preparedness portrayed by companies as pertains the games. However, the analysis does not clarify the essence of management in the case of London companies also the issues of effects has not been clearly brought out as per the different aspects the Games might impact the companies (Sollish Semanik,2007). Therefore, it is important to note that the most suitable steps should be analyzed considering the various contributions of management. In addition to this, it is important to focus on how these vary to suppliers in the case of a great event like the Olympics in London also in ensurin g that the main aspects of preparedness in supplies and factors of forecasting as well as, good strategic planning are in their rightful positions. Supply management concisely describes the process of corporate or institutional buying. This is mainly in terms of buying for internal as well as, external uses of goods and services. In most of the organizational set ups, buying is mainly contractual between the buying and selling parties for the considerable amounts referred to as price (Trent, 2007). This price is in most cases monetary in nature. In the case of Olympic preparation by the London markets, it is important to realize that in the first place, these companies ought to strategize effectively if they are to win the disruption effects, which might arise in the course of service delivery to customers. Before the actual Games, which are due by several months, companies are facing major challenges in terms of forecasting. Here, companies should be in the frontline to work out st rategies, which will ensure that the problems, which might arise in the due course of operations during the Olympics also the events thereafter, are favorable to their operations. Let me say that strategizing gets a bit tricky when location cannot be predetermined (Hayes, Gary, and Upton, 1996). For instance, it is a matter of fact that the companies ought to forecast the places of residence for many fans, which cannot be predetermined as the interest of people, are very dynamic also, every service provider is in the pursuit of giving the best offers to attract the majority of the customers (Cavinato, Flynn Kauffman, 2004). Therefore, it gets very hard for companies to project specific places to work on in terms of analyzing how supplies will be enhanced in the respective places. This therefore, brings a tragedy in that it is also not possible to invest equally in all areas and ensure an analysis of supplies in all areas is intensified. The companies therefore, in preparation for t he Olympic Games are facing major challenges in terms of the ease of analysis of the supply needs as well as lack of adequate resources to help in financing the required activities due to fear of taking the great risk of investment in the activity (Tersine, 1982). The only solution that can be reached in this case is only to ensure that operations at the company’s level are intensified as well as the motivation for companies to take great risks and make major investments. The second perspective to work from is the issue of the problems that the companies might face during the actual games. Here, it is important to realize that since most of the companies will not have effectively strategized, the risk of shortage of supplies is likely to result. There are possibilities that due to congestion in the towns which in fact will result from the population seeking to be part of the competition the issue of poor system of supply may arise. Here, the main considerations are the access ibility of the areas of delivery, which most probably will be less accessible since most of the people will be heading to the outlets to get their shares of products (Simchi-levi Kaminsky, 2004). On the issue of the major outlets, it will be noted that because of congestion, which might reduce the accessibility of the retail areas, people may opt for the major supply areas where congestion will result and the results of congestion are usually reduced levels of efficiency in operations as well as reduced accountability of transactions. Therefore, for those who might not have planned, their purchasers will be prone to failures in accessibility as well as shortages of goods. For those who might have reliable strategies to work with during the period, there is a risk that they might have invested so much in their operational plans that they might not get returns enough to compensate them as well as gaining those profits. In addition, some of the planners might be disadvantaged in that their strategies might work against the actual happenings of the Olympic Games. When such happens, it is a main disadvantage in that the eventual process and costs of the strategy is useless and the financial result could ruin the business due to the failure of returns from an investment (Simchi-levi Kaminsky, 2004). Aftermath of the Olympic Games The third perspective of the Olympic Games is the factors that may affect the companies after the actual Games. Here, the discussion will take three courses. The first one involves the companies that will have participated in the supply during the actual games, secondly will be the companies that had intended to take part but their strategies did not work for the Games and the third group encompasses those that never participated at all. The companies that will be favored by the activates of the Olympic Games are bound to get considerably very high profit returns from it and eventually increase their scope of operations as well as booster their cooperate image which might lead to them extending their functionality globally (Rose and Spiegel, 2011, p.1). Therefore, it is important to note that however, a shortcoming of such participating organization would be a lack of efficient resources to use later, the returns obtained from the venture would be adequate to acquire the organization resources from any location (Cavinato, Flynn Kauffman, 2004). For companies that will have been interested in the venture but their strategies failed them, the makeup activity for them will be a hard one since such risks might end up in giving the company a financial crisis which might end up to the closure of companies that lack a wide market share. However, the companies may recuperate through action of aggressive advertisement to ensure that they re-attain a major market share also to give them the capacity to work for the organizations wellbeing. The third category of the companies in due consideration of the effects of the Olympic Games as forecasted is the group that will not take part at all in the affairs of the Olympic Games (Preuss, 2000). Here, let me say that these companies will be improved in terms of the economies of scale of the other companies but dealing with similar products. Therefore, they will directly benefit from the policies that may be made pertaining to their line of service delivery by the legislation. Conclusion In summation, it is worth to note that supply chains are very sensitive chains in the delivery of service to customers. Therefore, London ought to take advantage of the activity in their country and maximize from the opportunity in that they should allow for more flexible rates and terms of operations during the Games to accommodate a wider audience for business. Reference List Albert, A. 2011. Ready for anything. Supply Chain Management. Web. Blackstone, H. 1989. Capacity Management. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing. Cavinato, J. L., Flynn, A. E., Kauffman, R. G. 2006. T he supply management  handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hayes, R., Gary, P., and Upton, M. 1996. Strategic Operations: Competing through  Capabilities. New York: Free Press. McCarthy, S. 2011. Sustaining Olympic Sustainability. Supply Chain Management. Web. Pooler, V. H., Pooler, D. J., Farney, S. D. 2004. Global purchasing and supply management. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Preuss, H. 2000. Economics of the Olympic Games: Hosting the Games 1972-2000, Petersham, Walla Walla Press. Rose, A., and Spiegel, M. 2009. The Olympic Effect. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Web. Simchi-levi, D., Kaminsky, P., Simchi-levi, E., 2004. Managing the supply chain: the definitive guide for the business professional. New York: McGraw-Hill. Sollish., F., Semanik., J. (2007). The procurement and supply managers desk reference. Hoboken: NJ, J. Wiley. Tersine, R. 1982. Principles of Inventory and Materials Management. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing. Trent, R. J., 2007. Strat egic supply management: creating the next source of competitive advantage. Ft. Lauderdale: Ross Publishers.