Contingency theory free essay sample

Possibility hypothesis is a class of social hypothesis that guarantees that there is no most ideal approach to sort out a partnership, to lead an organization, or to decide. Rather, the ideal strategy is unexpected (subordinate) upon the inner and outside circumstance. An unexpected pioneer adequately applies their own style of initiative to the correct circumstance. In possibility hypothesis of authority, the achievement of the pioneer is a component of different possibilities as subordinate, task, and additionally bunch factors. The viability of a given example of pioneer conduct is dependent upon the requests forced by the circumstance. These speculations stress utilizing various styles of authority suitable to the necessities made by various hierarchical circumstances. No single possibility hypothesis has been proposed. A portion of the hypotheses Systems Theory: the transdisciplinary investigation of the theoretical association of wonders, autonomous of their substance, type, or spatial or transient size of presence. We will compose a custom paper test on Possibility hypothesis or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It examines both the standards regular to every single complex element, and the (normally numerical) models which can be utilized to portray them. Frameworks hypothesis was proposed during the 1940s by the scholar Ludwig von Bertalanffy (: General Systems Theory, 1968), and promoted by Ross Ashby (Introduction to Cybernetics, 1956). von Bertalanffy was both responding agaInst reductionism and endeavoring to restore the solidarity of science. He underlined that genuine frameworks are available to, and connect with, their surroundings, and that they can get subjectively new properties through rise, bringing about constant development. As opposed to lessening a substance (e. g. the human body) to the properties of its parts or components (e. g. organs or cells), frameworks hypothesis centers around the course of action of and relations between the parts which associate them into an entire (cf. comprehensive quality). This specific association decides a framework, which is free of the solid substance of the components (e. g. particles, cells, transistors, individuals, and so forth). In this way, similar ideas and standards of association underlie the various controls (material science, science, innovation, humanism, and so forth ), giving a premise to their unification. Frameworks ideas include: framework condition limit, input, yield, process, state, progressive system, objective directedness, and data. The advancements of frameworks hypothesis are differing (Klir, Facets of Systems Science, 1991), including applied establishments and theory (e. g. the methods of reasoning of Bunge, Bahm and Laszlo); numerical displaying and data hypothesis (e. g. crafted by Mesarovic and Klir); and pragmatic applications. Scientific frameworks hypothesis emerged from the advancement of isomorphies between the models of electrical circuits and different frameworks. Applications incorporate designing, registering, environment, the executives, and family psychotherapy. Frameworks investigation, grew autonomously of frameworks hypothesis, applies frameworks standards to help a decisIon-creator with issues of distinguishing, remaking, advancing, and controlling a framework (normally a socio-specialized association), while considering numerous targets, limitations and assets. It intends to determine potential approaches, along with their dangers, expenses and advantages. Frameworks hypothesis is firmly associated with robotics, and furthermore to framework elements, which models changes in a system of coupled factors (e. g. the world elements models of Jay Forrester and the Club of Rome). Related thoughts are utilized in the rising studies of intricacy, examining self-association and heterogeneous systems of communicating on-screen characters, and related spaces, for example, a long way from-harmony thermodynamics, disordered elements, counterfeit life, man-made brainpower, neural systems, and PC displaying and reproduction.

Glycoprotein Definition and Function

Glycoprotein Definition and Function A glycoprotein is a kind of protein atom that has had a sugar connected to it. The procedure either happens during protein interpretation or as a posttranslational alteration in a procedure called glycosylation. The sugar is an oligosaccharide chain (glycan) that is covalently attached to the polypeptide side chains of the protein. On account of the - OH gatherings of sugars, glycoproteins are more hydrophilic than straightforward proteins. This implies glycoproteins are more pulled in to water than standard proteins. The hydrophilic idea of the atom additionally prompts the trademark collapsing of the proteins tertiary structure. The starch is a short particle, regularly stretched, and may comprise of: straightforward sugars (e.g., glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose)amino (sugars that have an amino gathering, for example, N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine)acidic (sugars that have a carboxyl gathering, for example, sialic corrosive or N-acetylneuraminic corrosive) O-Linked and N-Linked Glycoproteins Glycoproteins are ordered by the connection site of the sugar to an amino corrosive in the protein. O-connected glycoproteins are ones in which the starch bonds to the oxygen iota (O) of the hydroxyl bunch (- OH) of the R gathering of either the amino corrosive threonine or serine. O-connected sugars may likewise cling to hydroxylysine or hydroxyproline. The procedure is named O-glycosylation. O-connected glycoproteins will undoubtedly sugar inside the Golgi complex.N-connected glycoproteins have a starch attached to the nitrogen (N) of theâ amino bunch (- NH2) of the R gathering of the amino corrosive asparagine. The R bunch is generally the amide side chain of asparagine. The holding procedure is called N-glycosylation. N-connected glycoproteins gain their sugar from the endoplasmic reticulum film and afterward are moved to the Golgi complex for alteration. While O-connected and N-connected glycoproteins are the most well-known structures, different associations are additionally conceivable: P-glycosylation happens when the sugar connects to the phosphorus of phosphoserine.C-glycosylation is the point at which the sugar appends to the carbon particle of amino corrosive. A model is the point at which the sugar mannose bonds to the carbon in tryptophan.Glypiation is when aâ glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipid connects to the carbon end of a polypeptide. Glycoprotein Examples and Functions Glycoproteins work in the structure, generation, safe framework, hormones, and assurance of cells and living beings. Glycoproteins are found on the outside of the lipid bilayer of cell layers. Their hydrophilic nature permits them to work in the fluid condition, where they act in cell-cell acknowledgment and official of different atoms. Cell surface glycoproteins are additionally significant for cross-connecting cells and proteins (e.g., collagen) to add quality and security to a tissue. Glycoproteins in plant cells are what permits plants to stand upstanding against the power of gravity. Glycosylated proteins are not simply basic forâ intercellular correspondence. They likewise help organ frameworks speak with one another. Glycoproteins are found in mind dim issue, where they cooperate with axons and synaptosomes. Hormonesâ may be glycoproteins. Models incorporate human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and erythropoietin (EPO). Blood coagulating relies upon the glycoproteins prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen. Cell markers might be glycoproteins. The MN blood bunches are because of two polymorphic types of the glycoprotein glycophorin A. The two structures contrast just by two amino corrosive buildups, yet that is sufficient to mess up people accepting an organ gave by somebody with an alternate blood gathering. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and H antigen of the ABO blood bunch are recognized by glycosylated proteins. Glycophorin An is additionally significant in light of the fact that its the connection site for Plasmodium falciparum, a human blood parasite. Glycoproteins are significant for multiplication since they consider the official of the sperm cell to the outside of the egg. Mucins are glycoproteins found in bodily fluid. The particles ensure delicate epithelial surfaces, including the respiratory, urinary, stomach related, and conceptive tracts. The safe reaction depends on glycoproteins. The sugar of antibodies (which are glycoproteins) decides the particular antigen it can tie. B cells and T cells have surface glycoproteins which tie antigens, too. Glycosylation Versus Glycation Glycoproteins get their sugar from an enzymatic procedure that shapes a particle that would not work in any case. Another procedure, called glycation, covalently bonds sugars to proteins and lipids. Glycation isn't an enzymatic procedure. Regularly, glycation lessens or refutes the capacity of the influenced particle. Glycation normally happens during maturing and is quickened in diabetic patients with high glucose levels in their blood. References and Suggested Reading Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer (2002). Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company: New York. fifth version: pg. 306-309.Ivatt, Raymond J. (1984) The Biology of Glycoproteins. Plenum Press: New York.

Current Financial Market Events and their Implications

Current Financial Market Events and their Implications Occasion one The ongoing worldwide monetary emergency has managed a substantial blow on the American International Group, prompting loss of home loan supported protections. Following this misfortune, AIG has documented a suit against Bank of America in an offer to recuperate over $ 10 billion USD (Story and Morgenson 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Current Financial Market Events and their Implications explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More AIG keeps up that Bank of America, alongside its Countrywide Financial units and Merrily Lynch offered to speculators distorted home loans that had been set as protections. AIG is reprimanding banks for this noteworthy misfortune and keeps up that it was misdirected into buying dangerous protections while the property showcase was as yet confronted with a lodging blast. Other enormous money related foundations that IAG plans to sue on comparable grounds incorporate JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, and Deut che Bank. The US Justice Department has additionally gotten various credit emergency cases but since none has yet been arraigned, purchasers and speculators are currently distributing fault on monetary foundations for the misfortune (Story and Morgenson 2011). In any case, the Justice Department is pushing for the arraignment of these cases, but at a moderate pace. For instance, a previous administrator of Taylor, Bean Whitaker, a home loan organization, has been given a prison sentence. Demands by speculators and shoppers for the Justice Department to consider venture banks responsible for the misfortunes occasioned by the worldwide money related emergency are being said something by State lawyer general. These cases for the most part include dispossessions and home loan overhauling. This is in spite of the way that the legislature is yet to fire following up on the most basic of these practices. Occasion Two President Obama is pushing a methodology to make more employments and sim ultaneously, guarantee bigger long haul shortage cuts. The proposed tax breaks are planned for fighting long haul joblessness. In this manner, new spending on the development business is envisioned, just as stretching out tax breaks to firms recruiting laborers. The president is additionally proposing for another deficiency decrease (Calmes 2011). These moves are planned for animating financial development by urging shoppers to spend and organizations to enlist. Be that as it may, the Republicans are against extra improvement proposition, accusing President Obama for without a nitty gritty obligation decrease plan. They are likewise restricted to higher assessment revenue.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The promise by the national bank to keep up loan fees at a close to zero for a base time of two years has gotten restriction from two policymakers with th e US Federal Reserve. They contend that such a move means that the administration plans to help the securities exchange. The choice to diminish loan fees up to mid-2013 has likewise been condemned, with adversaries naming the strategy as unseemly. Occasion Three A solid Australian dollar in 2011 has brought about low household travel and this has incited Wotif.com, an Australian based online travel organization to consider extending its business to the Asian market. In 2009, local relaxation travel business, which additionally happens to be Wotif.com’s center business, was more grounded in light of the fact that the Australian dollar was getting more vulnerable against the significant monetary standards (LaFrenz 2011, p. 39). Presently, a ton of Australians are deciding on abroad excursions, to the detriment of local travel. This has assisted with fortifying the worldwide settlement booking. Wotif.com has appreciated colossal development since 2006, when the organization was recorded on the ASE (Australian Securities Exchange). Be that as it may, in 2011, its development eased back altogether. As a feature of its development system, the organization has concentrated on the Asian market with the reception of novel-telephone based activities, a move that the organization sees as assisting with encouraging its development (LaFrenz 2011, p. 39). As of now, the organization does 15 percent of its appointments in Asia. Other than portable appointments, the organization likewise plans to go into joint endeavors with various travel firms in Asia so as to get a portion of the growing local travel advertise. The Asian neighborhood advertise brags of a developing white collar class who are anxious to travel, yet in addition have increasingly extra cash. Occasion Four In the second quarter of 2011, the US financial extension was underneath what had been estimated, and this is a pointer to the shortcoming of the economy. This has constrained the Federal Reserve to r eexamine its development conjecture downwards (Willis 2011, p. 56). Among April and June, the GDP of the US is assessed to have expanded at a normal pace of 1 percent for each annum. The past assessments had been pegged at 1.3 percent. Simultaneously, the period of August recorded the most minimal degree of shopper assumptions since November 2008, even with political wrangling and budgetary market disturbance in regards to the spending shortage (Willis 2011, p. 56). The country’s GDP remains at USD 13.26 trillion, and it is still beneath its top before the recession.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Current Financial Market Events and their Implications explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a lighter note, there has been an upward modification of compensations and wages, in this way noteworthy the most elevated addition in more than 4 years. Simultaneously, corporate benefits have developed. Following the ongoing downsizing of US obligation by S P in the midst of worries of a default in the euro-zone, combined with shortage cut measures, financial experts have been compelled to decrease development conjectures. Examination The way that the Justice Department has been delayed to indict the guilty parties who started the ongoing worldwide money related emergency has just acted to lessen speculator and shopper certainty. Therefore, the economy has been developing at a more slow rate than foreseen, and this has incited the Federal Reserve Bank to reconsider the country’s development rate downwards. At the point when the economy neglects to achieve the anticipated pace of development, this outcomes in low shopper assumptions. At the point when shoppers are less idealistic about the financial development rate, their spending and sparing rates are probably going to diminish (Colin 2008, para. 3). Upgrade bundles are in this manner a method of animating the economy when confronted with moderate development. D ifferent estimates that a legislature can foundation to manage a sow pace of monetary development are to force tax breaks and encourage transitory spending. Market analysts recommend that such moves add to shortfalls at first. In the long haul however, these measures could bring down expenses for security net projects, increment charge assortments and at long last, keep up littler deficiencies than would be the situation with bringing down joblessness and prodding development (Cooper 2008, p. 208). Improvement spending is upheld by the Keynesian financial hypothesis which expresses that when the administration tries to go through an enormous lump of obtained cash, this assists with boosting the economy (Davidson 2009 p.18). Monetary antiquarians have kept up that the US endured the Great Depression on account of Keynesian-style spending. Other than animating the economy, there is the need likewise to guarantee that we lessen shortages particularly when confronted with contracting in comes. A boost bundle siphons cash into the economy though briefly, in this manner empowering shopper spending. Organizations are additionally urged to enlist more workers. Something else, organizations might be compelled to consider moving their business to different economies that have not borne the full outcome of a worldwide monetary emergency. This is the situation with Wotif.com, when it chose to wander into the Asian market when household travel in Australia was not, at this point appealing to enable the organization to keep up its heretofore fabulous growth.Advertising Searching for research project on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reference List Calmes, J., 2011. Obama to push for occupations, tax breaks. The New York Times, Web. Colin, B., 2008. Customer certainty worldwide screen of purchaser assumption file reports and nation update on buyer certainty changes. Marshal Place Associates, Web. Cooper, G., 2008. The starting point of money related emergencies: national banks, credit bubbles and theâ efficient showcase error. Petersfield, Hampshire, U.K.: Harriman House. Davidson, P., 2009. The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity. London: Palgrave=McMillan. LaFrenz, C., 2011. Dollar drives wotif.com’s Asia center. The Australian Financial Review, 11 August. p. 39. Story, L., Morgenson, G., 2011. AIG sues bank for GFC misfortunes. The New York Times, Web. Willis, B., 2011. US development figure reconsidered down. The Australian Financial Times, 9 August 2011. p. 56.

Role of dividend signalling in corporate finance Dissertation

Job of profit motioning in corporate money - Dissertation Example as a significant job in corporate money. The examination additionally gives a nitty gritty research on the effect of profit declaration on investor. Profit is a significant parameter to assess venture choice by the financial specialists. Along these lines, there is a generous job of profit motioning on corporate account as organizations share estimation of association through profit payment.Thus, yearly profit declaration by an organization consistently remains the most anticipated news for its investors. This paper gives an unmistakable comprehension ofthe effect of profit motioning on corporate fund in hypothetical angle and its effect on investors in functional viewpoint. Section 1: Introduction Motivation Firms convey esteem and budgetary well-creatures through installment of profit to its investors. Financial specialists for the most part practice a typical action for example â€Å"dividend check in mail† at each quarter when their contributed firms proclaim their quarter ly money related outcomes. Profit is a method of sharing or circulation of companies’ income to the investors at a normal premise. Organizations circulate profit quarterly, half yearly or on yearly premise. Customary installment of profit by a firm shows its economical budgetary development and it likewise decides a firm’s future execution and prospect. Profit installment record of a firm is one of the most significant components for speculation dynamic for the investors and investors consistently expect customary installment of profit from the organizations where they contribute. In this way, a company’s capacity and eagerness to deliver customary profit payout decides the solid money related state of the organization. Idea of profit installment was not there in business practice before Securities and Exchange Act was presented in the year 1934. Organizations required a law for compulsory divulgence of monetary data. Since the underlying time of profit installm ent by the restricted organizations, it has gotten one of the most significant parameter of budgetary wellbeing and furthermore stays one advantageous measuring stick to assess a company’s present and future possibility. Develop beneficial organizations for the most part deliver profit to its investors. Nonetheless, if an organization don't deliver profit that doesn't imply that the organization can't create generous income. Development organizations for the most part deliver profit. On the off chance that administration of an organization imagines that development chance of the organization is obviously superior to its venture opportunity accessible to the new speculators or the current investors then the organization delivers profit to improve the venture chance of the organization (Lonkani and ratchusanti, 2007, p.4). In this way, profit is one of the mos

Living Peacefully in a World Free of Global Warming or Living with All Research Paper

Living Peacefully in a World Free of Global Warming or Living with All the Riches in a World Affected with Global Warming - Research Paper Example Adding to the expanding levels of GHGs are different exercises in which vehicles and force plants are recorded to be the primary sources (Mohr, 2005). Undoubtedly, people likewise have commitments to the degrees of GHGs. In understanding to what is expressed, improvements in various nations lead to the warming up of the planet Earth. An ever increasing number of structures are set up and utilized as industrial facilities so as to pick up riches. In spite of the crusades that vehicles are producing GHGs, individuals couldn't care less. The present has been viewed as the second for improvement despite the fact that it is accepted by a few, as a decimation of nature. Research Question: Which is better, living calmly in a world liberated from a dangerous atmospheric devation or living with all the wealth in a world influenced with an unnatural weather change? Extent of Limitation: Findings of this examination will be constrained distinctly to the reactions of ten (10) ecological speciali sts. Results from this investigation may be based from their perspectives and conclusions. Centrality of the Study: Findings will instruct people on the wonder of a dangerous atmospheric devation. The direct of this exploration will give signs on how people ought to secure their planet. Besides, this examination will likewise enhance the current research in this field. Targets of the Study: This examination means to concentrate how the an Earth-wide temperature boost influences the whole world. In particular, it additionally targets knowing and distinguishing the impacts of the said wonder through investigating the life on earth just as the environment. Hypothetical Framework: The hypothesis of an Earth-wide temperature boost will be the system of this exploration. A worldwide temperature alteration, as characterized by James Hansen (2000), is predominantly a result of the event of elevated levels of GHGs in the environment where is activated by the exercises of man. For Hansen (200 0), the impact of these gases from consuming of non-renewable energy source is environmental change. Theory: The expanding pace of ozone harming substances is undermining the life on earth, the negative impacts being on the life of people and the air. II. Audit of Related Literature Various perspectives exist when individuals talk about a worldwide temperature alteration. Some are in understanding yet some are contradicting different conceptualizations of the marvel of a dangerous atmospheric devation. For Thakur (2009), discharge of gases is only the supporter of the wonder however obviously not the inception. Joined Nations Environment Program (2003) has recognized a dangerous atmospheric devation is answerable for the atmosphere changes. Some among the referenced results are progressively serious downpour, extreme flood and tempests, increasingly outrageous warmth waves, and the dissolving of ice sheets. With the quick changes, it is normal that all the crucial Earth frameworks w ould likewise adjust prompting the unsettling influence in all the parts of condition. This disturbance would then influence the lives of people on account of the conceivable impact to nourishment security. These changes, as a result, will incur hurt on human wellbeing. Eipsten (2000) included that with the ascent of temperature goes along the ascent of numerous wellbeing maladies. This point of view fears the way that it may not be feasible for the mankind to have its cutting edge because of the impacts it might cause the individuals. Notwithstanding, the contextualization of carbon causes a dangerous atmospheric devation has been contradicted. In Happer’s (2011) article, he asserted that the present warming that the planet as of now

Theme of Cultural Transition - Free Essay Example

Abstract The theme of cultural transition is well portrayed throughout the two books; Things Fall Apart and The Lion and The Jewel. On the other hand, the elements of change in both books defer, as in Things Fall Apart, what brings the change originates from the outside, that is, the missionaries; while Lakunle acts as the element of change from inside the community. Lakunle understands the customs, and he even grew up practicing them, but after he comes into contact with the outside world, his views are changed. The cultural transition is seen when Lakunle tries to oppose the custom of bride price and calls it uncivilized. He tries to win Sidi’s love using the tactics he has learned from the modernized world but fails terribly. The missionaries in Okonkwo case also seek to change the ways of the people, they introduce formal education and try to bring civilization to Umofia. Their efforts are derailed when Okonkwo opposes them and kills one of their messengers. Conflict is also in both stories; Lakunle fight against the community’s customs is a sign of conflict. Baroka Sidi and the rest of Ilunjule village are traditionists who are uneducated who conflicts with the educated Lakunle a school teacher educated and influenced by the western culture. In the play, The Lion and the Jewel tradition wins against modernity which is evidence by Sidi marrying the traditional chief. The issue of the bride price causes Lakunle to be considered as the village fool. He also fights alone as no one else in the community is willing to share his views; not even his beloved Sidi. Where there is a conflict there is bound to be consequences, in Okonkwo case, his conflict with the missionaries resulted in death and feelings of betrayal. This paper will discuss the various instances where both the jewel and the lion and things fall apart portray the theme of cultural change and theme of conflict. Introduction Change and conflict go hand in hand; especially in a place where what is being changed has been there for a long time. Culture is collectiveness of behaviours acquired by a member of a given group or community. Thus culture is the practices, social behaviour, and beliefs of a given community. In the books we are looking at cultural conflict is shown between the modern and traditional cultures. Cultural transition in both The Lion and The Jewel and Things Fall Apart is eminent as portrayed in the characters of both Lakunle and Okonkwo. Both characters try to bring change to their environment; Okonkwo tries to fight against cultural change while Lakunle is for the change. Cultural African practices were regarded to be sacred, and anything or anyone that interfered with them was considered to be an enemy of the community. The cultural beliefs that the African communities held were believed to hold a certain purpose, and they were what united them with their ancestors. Common belief and practice also symbolized a sense of unity, and it was rare for individuals to separate themselves from this kind of life. For those that managed to separate themselves, they came back and shook these foundations and were regarded with suspicion and even considered to be fools or slaves of the colonists. Conflict is said to be the disagreement between individuals or ideas. In the case of our study conflict can be defined as the clash or disagreement of cultures. Culture is a unique phenomenon cherished and protected dearly by a given community. The two books; the Jewel and Lion and Things Fall Apart show how African cultures are subjected to imposition and displacement by the western culture. Whenever there is change conflict comes long for instance in the case of Lakunle, Lakunle a school teacher feels that he is modernized than any other person in the village. Thus he is not ready to pay the bride price and take Sidi as his wife. Sidi, on the other hand, does not agree with Lakunle she feels that when she accepts to be married by him without the bride price, the village people will be against her. Later on, Sidi is married to the traditional chief and leave Lakunle who is considered a fool by the village people and face opposition from them.   The piece shows that in the instance of change there exist disagreement of given ideas. Body Confronted with complications Lakunle is not convincingly representing the modern ideas as he claims. It is evidence that he misunderstands the modern books he reads and the cultural beliefs. For instance, Lakunle tell Sidi that she has a small brain, meaning women brains are deemed to the smaller and dysfunctional compared to the males brains. His thinking on the women brain capacity is dictated by the traditional belief in his community while he calls himself civilized while in the civilized community everyone is equal be it a man of women. Lakunle is also full of fascinations of the superficial modern way of life, for example, the dances, and ballroom and night clubs, showing that he believes in half-baked ideas that justify his actions of refusing to pay the bride price to Sidi. Baroka the 62-year-old chief oppose development brought about by the white people, he believes that the development destroys the way people live. On the other hand, he feels that he should learn a thing from Lakunle as well as Lakunle learn from him. In the Things Fall Apart we see Okonkwo confronted by complications due to cultural conflicts presented by the white men. After he leaves to exile, the white men were able to thrive and to spread their gospel in the village. When he came back, he meets a different community in which he is unable to live in. Everyone including his son had converted to Christianity. Due to his strong belief in the traditional culture, he chooses to die rather than complying with the white men. The role of women in two texts Women in both Things Fall Apart, and The Lion and The Jewel are considered to be man’s property. They can be purchased and accumulated to man’s wealth. Their only role is to get married and have children. In things Fall Apart Okonkwo acquires many wives who he expects to bear many children to promote his legacy in the community and rival that of his father who he regarded as a failure (Achebe, 13). Baroka on the other hand in the Lion and The Jewel acquires wives to promote his status in the community (Soyinka, 4). He is surprised that in five full months he has not acquired a wife, meaning he considered wives to be an addition to his vast wealth. Lakunle undermines the tradition of purchasing a woman by proposing to Sidi and telling her he will marry her without paying the bride price. In this case, the tradition of paying the bride price is condemned by Lakunle while Baroka embraces it and win Sidi. Women are not supposed to make key decisions in the society, but with modernity, women take roles which there were not supposed to like the harvesting of yams in Thing fall apart. We also see Sidi admiring her picture in the magazine and feels that she deserved better men from outside world since she is being seen by people in the western world. She is held up by the culture and even fails to marry Lakunle a modernized man since he does not want to follow the culture by paying the bride price.   The role of chief in two texts In The Lion and the Jewel, Baroka is the chief, and he represents traditional norms and customs. He stands against any foreign change such as the building of railroad near his village. He agrees with the rail contractors signs a letter that states that the village soil is unfit to support the train engine. He does this so that the rail can be moved away from the village. Being a staunch traditionalist, he understands that the presence of rail in the village will lead to penetration of more white who will change the village people culture to western culture.   He promotes the paying of bride price that is why Sidi prefers him to the modernized Lakunle (Soyinka, 6). In Things Fall Apart, the chief also represents the community customs and also moral authority. He struggles with the new political and religious orders introduced by colonialism which he terms as unmanly and feels that he will betray the community if he complies with the new ways. Okonkwo condemns cultural change since h e fears losing social status. After coming from exile, he is unable to adapt to the colonizer way of life which leads to his suicide. Although his stand is not as rigid as that of Baroka in the face of the British Colonists; he maintains law and order in the community. Contexts colonial versus city/technology/modernity In both texts, any change that is introduced by either colonist or modernity is met with resistance. Okonkwo opposes anything that is related to the British administration. Such that when he returned from exile, he could not tolerate the colonizers way of life and ended up taking his life (Achebe, 58). Baroka resists any form of development pioneered by the colonialists, for example, he rejects the construction of the railway line, saying that the soil along the village is fragile and cannot sustain the weight of the engine. Lakunle, on the other hand, a modernized school teacher tries to modernize his community by changing the rule of the bride price. He faces rejection from Sidi and the entire village for going against the culture that dictates marriage rules in the community. He also wishes for construction of motor roads and railroads. His desires and conversations are met with less enthusiasm than he had expected. Cultural values/impacts/reaction Cultural values are highly upheld in both texts, and that is why any threat towards these values is met with negative reaction. Baroka is a staunch traditionalist that is why he enjoys being a polygamist and does not tolerate the introduction of the modern railroad (Soyinka, 4). He also uses traditional knowledge and practices to win Sidi unlike Lakunle who denounce the cultural practice of paying the bride pride price. Lakunle support modernization he wishes that railroads were built in the village which never happened due to the highly upheld cultural values. Lakunle does not understand why the community promotes backwardness and choose to stay in darkness. He tries to change the cultural values, but he fails terribly. Okonkwo seems like the only one still concerned with the Umuofia’s cultural values. He denies the white men entry into the village and strongly refused their cultural value to be changed especially in the context of religion. He also sent away anyone who compl ied with the white men and considered as an outcast in the community. His reactions, although meant to maintain stability, causes a lot of instability in the community that causes Okonkwo to take his life. Education and religion/tradition The educated people in the two books seek to spread the modern ideas to the uneducated people who believe in their old ways of life. They preach out their knowledge with the aim of changing the tribal people to modern ways. Education is strongly rejected by the traditional people who do not see any good the education can offer to them in sustaining their daily lives. Lakunle is the educated person in the village he is rejected by the people in the village due to his modernized way. The rejection is portrayed by the way he dresses and talks to Sidi. He is also considered a fool by the village people when he refuses to pay the bride price to Sidi and loses her to chief Baroka. Sidi is also not willing to be associated with Lakunle due to his modernized behaviours which do not respect their culture. In the things fall apart the colonization is mostly addressed religiously unlike the Lion and the Jewel. The whites condemn the traditional people religion where they tell them that their gods are evil and cannot help them since they direct them to kill and discriminate innocent people. They introduce their God whom they believe takes care of them and is just and good to all. The traditional people reject their religion and fight against it lead by Igbo. After Okonkwo come from exile, he finds a changed community where everyone has turned to the white man’s way. He finds that some churches have been built together with schools. To his surprise, he finds that even his son has converted to Christianity. His staunch belief in the traditional way of life make him feel out of place, he cannot put up with the new ways and eventually commit suicide. Conclusion The two books prominently discuss the theme of culture clash as a result of rapid modernization brought about by the colonial people. Culture transition is highly advocated by the white people who want to see the last outdated African culture in the featured communities. On the other hand, Africans fights any change advocated by the white people. They feel that they have a rich culture and they should preserve it. Conflict arises when the two culture meet since each side wants to stand by culture and beliefs.

The turning of a blind eye - a conversation between “you” and “I” - Literature Essay Samples

Woven between Jamaica Kincaid’s emotionally charged memoir of Antigua is a strong rhetorical message to her audience to try and be different than those of them middle class North American/European tourists who came before to her land. These tourists, an audience of which I am not a part, are effectively persuaded of this argument due to her sophisticated interplay of ethos, pathos and logos. Emotions (and, by extension, emotional language) founded upon a logical basis, can be a very strong persuasive combination, which works effectively in Kincaid’s work due to the fact that she manages to make herself seen as a credible narrator. We (her audience) are left, by the end of her tale, acutely aware of our flaws and of our ignorance of the several harsh truths we fail to see when visiting a place or a culture less privileged than us, such as Antigua. Using â€Å"we† to refer to Kincaid’s target audience, one of the most interesting choices in her essay is her second-person narrative, wherein, from the start, we are led through a tour of Antigua with her narrating not only what we see, but also what we feel and think inside our heads. The use of â€Å"you† is one of the primary forms of pathos that Kincaid uses in order to persuade her audience. Especially within the first of the four sections of the book, a section that focuses specifically on the ignorance of the tourist, her use of â€Å"you† grows increasingly aggressive and accusatory. Initially starting off with rather docile sentences like â€Å"As your plane descends to land, you might say â€Å"What a beautiful island Antigua is† â€Å" (3), she progresses onto more scathing remarks like â€Å"the thought of what it might be like for someone who had to live day in, day out in a place that suffers constantly from drought, and has to wa tch carefully every drop of fresh water . . . must never cross your mind† (4) bringing us (the audience, again) to our senses as she highlights what is a very realistic thought process in the mind of a more privileged tourist in a less privileged area. The aggressive â€Å"you† makes the audience feel targeted and blamed. Since blame naturally creates discomfort and pain, the language is a deliberate provocation of the audience’s minds. It creates a sense of being directly challenged and that forces us to think critically about what she’s saying. Moreover, she justifies these accusations through the aforementioned personal experience-credibility she asserts as well as the incorporation of proof and (quoted above) factual statements about conditions for Antiguans that prevent the audience from dismissing her strong words. In this way, ethos and logos combine to form a strong argumentative base that is effectively delivered through the usage of pathos (†Å"you†). Beginning with the first part of the book, which details our journey through her Antigua as a tourist, she highlights the immense privilege we have by contrasting it with actual facts about Antiguan quality of life: for instance, she talks of how American/European tourists pass through immigration without a hassle, but Antiguans themselves must wait in line, struggling to bring back essential clothes and food for their struggling families (4). She does not fail to pinpoint exactly how we, her audience, are ignorant. Delving deeper, apart from the facts about the roads and the lack of drinking water that she mentions during this section, she also provides very special â€Å"insider† information that only someone from Antigua could have known. An example of this is when she explains why Antigua is chock-full of near-broken, expensive Japanese cars. Her knowledge of even what type of petrol is used (and should be used) adds credibility to her words. She boosts her credibility fur ther by sharing opinions locals have towards the tourists and calling out aspects of the tourists tourists know to be true case in point, â€Å"behind their closed doors they laugh at you. . . you try eating their way, you look silly; you try eating the way you always eat, you look silly. . . you have an accent† (17). Kincaid succeeds in creating an image of her having been one of those selfsame locals she talks about in such lines. The audience knows now that she has been there. Refuting her statements becomes harder. Kincaid continues this â€Å"one-two† punch of ethos and logos by providing explicit details about how car loans are easily available due to the corrupt ministers that hold monopolies over car dealerships in the region. She includes more details about past driving-license scandals (7) She has now created for us a logical connection between what we see on the streets and what could be causing it this also sets up and foreshadows her later discussions about the rampant political power-abuse and exploitation in Antigua. In this way, since she talks about themes, instances and phenomena that she sets up earlier on in the book, the entire memoir is a coherent and logically flowing set of arguments. Her ideas do not come out of nowhere, but instead, from facts and evidence she has provided earlier on in her text. This, once more makes her details that much more believable and worth listening to, reminding us with a great degree of persuasion of the problems she speaks of tourist/o utsider ignorance, corruption, slavery and colonialism and their lasting effects. Her pathos-based use of â€Å"you† only strengthens the delivery of these truths and her argument becomes all the more robust it cannot be dismissed as an emotional rant. Jamaica Kincaid continues to strengthen her argument by logically and rationally accepting other sides of the story. â€Å"And so, ordinarily you are a nice person, an attractive person, a person capable of drawing to yourself the affection of other people. . . a person at home in your own skin . . . but you make a leap from being that nice blob. . . to being a person visiting heaps of death and ruin and feeling alive and inspired at the sight of it; to being a person marvelling at the harmony (ordinarily, what you would say is the backwardness) [of] these other people (and they are other people† (16). Kincaid uses repetition of variations of â€Å"nice person† repeatedly to emphasize the fact that she genuinely believes this audience is a regular, nice person back home. This recognition of the fact that bad tourists are very possibly great people back home rationalizes her anger and aggression by revealing that she is not cherrypicking parts of her audience’s id entity to serve her purpose. She is recognizing the audience as a set of dynamic individuals who behave differently based on circumstance logos. Therefore, her pathos/anger end up making a more compelling argument regarding the ignorance of the tourists instead of being a blanket statement devoid of reason. The pathos at play here from the aforementioned repetition essentially passive-aggressively hints at the â€Å"ugliness† (17) within her audience which she then talks about explicitly right afterwards as we can see. Her anger and her blame still comes through because of this, but she has now strengthened her argument significantly by accepting the counter-argument of her audience, the tourists’, circumstantial, fluid and human identities. If Kincaid only used logic in this way for the first two sections of the book (which I have primarily discussed so far, the book’s whole argument would crumble in the second half. However, Kincaid makes sure to concede similar logical counter-arguments even when criticizing the colonizers of old later on in the book: â€Å"You imprisoned people. You robbed people. You opened your banks and you put our money in them. The accounts were in your name†¦ there must have been some good people among you, but they stayed home† (36). Referring to the colonizers, she mentions the fact that the colonizers who came to Antigua were the worst of the lot, mirroring and reinforcing her statements from part one about tourists being â€Å"a piece of rubbish† (17). Kincaid remains rational throughout the work, which bolsters her credibility, which in turn supports her logical arguments which helps to reveal to the audience the brutal truths in her argument that otherwise might have been masked underneath the emotional language. Emotion becomes a strong point due to its synergy with logos and pathos, where it might have otherwise been a logical weakness in her argument. Another way Kincaid’s argument is made stronger is that one does not have to be a white North American/European to understand the folly of being a privileged tourist, because many other ethnicities like myself, do have populations of privileged tourists, or people in general, who have, at some point, feigned the same ignorance as the North American/European white tourists Kincaid speaks of. All around the world are humans who are privileged and those who are not, and this recognition adds credibility to her argument since her argument makes sense even if it is abstracted from its exact, specific audience (middle class, white north american/european tourist). This alleviates any doubt that it was a deliberate targeting of white North American/European tourists it is obvious that they just happen to be the culprits in the case of Antigua, but there are people who commit the same crimes elsewhere, all across the world, everyday. Her logos, pathos and ethos therefore still hit ha rd with their moral of not being ignorant anymore, whoever we are.